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Head and neck radiology > Supratentorial Brain > Flashcards

Supratentorial Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Complex convolutions of brain cortex

A

Gyri

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2
Q

CSF-filled grooves or clefts that separate gyri

A

Sulci

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3
Q

Parts of frontal, temporal and parietal loves that overhang/enclose insula

A

Operculae

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4
Q

Two cerebral hemispheres are linked by

A

Commissural fibers

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5
Q

Cerebral hemispheres are separated by

A

Deep median cleft, the great longitudinal interhemispheric fissure

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6
Q

Central sulcus of rolando separates

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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7
Q

Sylvian fissure separates

A

Frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe below

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8
Q

What is anterior to angular gyrus

A

Temporal lobe

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9
Q

Anterior to parietooccipital sulcus

A

Parietal lobe

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10
Q

Cortical region hidden within depths of lateral (sylvian) fissure: covered by frontal, temporal, parietal opercula

A

Insula

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11
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

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12
Q

Anterior to the precentral gyrus

A

Premotor cortex

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13
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Post central gyrus

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14
Q

Lies posterior to the postcentral gyrus

A

Superior and inferior parietal lobules

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15
Q

Lateral precentral gyrus

A

Head/face

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16
Q

Medial precentral gyrus

A

Legs/feet

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17
Q

Inferior postcentral gyrus

A

Face, tongue, lips

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18
Q

Superolateral postcentral gyrus

A

Trunk, upper limb

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19
Q

Medial postcentral gyrus

A

Lower limb

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20
Q

Lies at the end of sylvian fissure

A

Supramarginal gyrus

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21
Q

Ventral to supramarginal gyrus

A

Angular gyrus

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22
Q

Medial surface of parietal lobe

A

Precuneus

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23
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Medial occipital lobe

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24
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Superior temporal gyrus

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25
Q

Part of temporal lobe that connects with auditory, somatosensory, visual association pathways

A

Middle temporal gyrus

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26
Q

Higher visual association area

A

Inferior temporal gyrus

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27
Q

Includes the major subdivisions of limbic system

A

Parahippocampal gyrus on medial surface and merges into uncus

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28
Q

Somatosensory function that lies in the floor of sylvian fissure, overlapped by frontal, temporal and parietal operculae

A

Insula

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29
Q

Limbic system

A

Subcallosal, cingulate, parahippocampal gyri

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30
Q

Covers base of frontal lobe

A

Orbital gyri

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31
Q

Covers base of frontal lobe medially

A

Gyrus rectus

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32
Q

Olfactory bulb lies in

A

Olfactory sulcus

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33
Q

White matter tract fibers

A

Association fibers
Commissural fibers
Projection fibers

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34
Q

White matter tract fiber that interconnect different cortical regions in same hemisphere

A

Association fiber

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35
Q

Long association fiber which lies beneath cingulate gyrus

A

Cingulum

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36
Q

What matter fiber that interconnect similar cortical regions of opposite hemisphere

A

Commissural fibers

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37
Q

Largest commissural fiber that links cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosun

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38
Q

White matter fiber that connects cerebral cortex with deep nuclei, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord

A

Projection fibers

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39
Q

Major projection fiber

A

Internal capsule

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40
Q

Basal ganglia contains

A

Globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus

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41
Q

Paired nuclear complexes, serves as relay station for most sensory pathways

A

Thalamus

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42
Q

White matter is best imaged with

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on 1.5 or 3 tesla

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43
Q

Limbic system best evaluated with

A

High res coronal T2 MR, T1 volume images and FLAIR

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44
Q

Best evaluates cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia and thalami

A

Multiplanar MR

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45
Q

Helpful for evaluation of supratentorial disease processes

A

Diffusion imaging

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46
Q

Parts of corpus callosum

A

Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium

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47
Q

Projection fibers from internal capsule that fans out and represent all cortical areas

A

Corona radiata

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48
Q

Major conduit of fibers to/from cerebral cortex

A

Internal capsule

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49
Q

Anterior limb of internal capsule contains

A

Frontopontine fibers, thalamacortical projections

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50
Q

Genu of internal capsule contains

A

Corticobulbar fibers

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51
Q

Posterior limb of internal capsule contains

A

Corticospinal tract, upper limb-anterior, trunk and lower limbs-posterior

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52
Q

Major efferent projection fibers that connect motor cortex to brainstem, spinal cord, converge into corona radiata, continue thru posterior limb of internal capsule to cerebral peduncle and lateral funiculus

A

Corticospinal tract

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53
Q

Major efferent projection fibers connect motor cortex to bs and sc and converge into corona radiata to genu of internal capsule to cerebral peduncle, terminate in motor cranial nerve nuclei

A

Corticobulbar tract

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54
Q

Motor information to pons

A

Corticopontine tract

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55
Q

Connects entire cerebral cortex with isotopic location in thalamus

A

Corticothalamic tract

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56
Q

Myelination pattern

A

Inferior to superior
Central to peripheral
Posterior to anterior

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57
Q

Fully myelinated white matter appear what on T1 and what on T2WI

A

Hyperintense on T1

hypointense on T2WI

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58
Q

In white matter maturation:

T1:W1 is most useful at what age

A

Up to 6 months

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59
Q

In white matter maturation: T2 is most useful at what age

A

After 6 months

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60
Q

Subcortical nuclear masses in inferior hemispheres, involved in motivation and controlling movement

A

Basal ganglia

61
Q

Lentiform nucleus include

A

Globus pallidus and putamen

62
Q

Corpus striatum include

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

63
Q

Neostriatum include

A

Putamen and caudate

64
Q

Paired ovoid nuclear complexes that relay stations for most sensory pathways

A

Thalamus

65
Q

Complex region of nuclear masses ; relay stations for most sensory pathways

A

Thalamus

66
Q

Complex region of nuclear masses, fiber tracts that plays major role in normal basal ganglia function

A

Subthalamus

67
Q

Basal ganglia consist of

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

68
Q

Separates caudate head from putamen and GP

A

Anterior limb of internal capsule

69
Q

Separate thalamus from basal ganglia

A

Posterior limb of internal capsule

70
Q

C-shaped curved nucleus with large head, tapered body, down-curving tail

A

Caudate nucleus

71
Q

Deep groove of caudate nucleus that separates caudate from thalamus; its stria terminalis lies deep to ependyma, helps form choroid fissure

A

Sulcus terminalis

72
Q

Which has higher myelin content, GP or putamen

A

GP

73
Q

Putamen is separated by

A

Lateral (external) medullary lamina

74
Q

GP has two segments separated by internal medullary lamina, which are

A

Lateral (external)

Medial (internal) segments

75
Q

Ovoid nucleus that extends from Foramen of monroe to quadrigeminal plate of midbrain

A

Thalamus

76
Q

Thalamus is subdivided to

A

Nuclear groups
Geniculate nuclei
Pulvinar

77
Q

Part of visual system, that is ovoid ventral projection from posterior thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

78
Q

Part of auditory system that is medial to lateral geniculate nucleus along posterior thalamus

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

79
Q

Occupies caudal third of thalamus and overhangs superior colliculus

A

Pulvinar

80
Q

Also called interthalamic adhesiom that connects thalami across third ventricle

A

Massa intermedia

81
Q

Lens-shaped, lies superolateral to red nucleus

A

Subthalamic nucleus

82
Q

Lamella that wraps around lateral thalamus, separated from it by external medullary lamina

A

Reticular nucleus

83
Q

Vascular supply of basal ganglia

A

Mostly lenticulostriate arteries

84
Q

Vascular supply of thalamus

A

Thalamoperforators from posterior communicating, basilar, P1 posterior cerebral arteries

85
Q

Large thalamoperforator that may supply bilateral medial thalami

A

Artery of Percheron or paramedian thalamic artery

86
Q

Most common location affected by hypertensive hemorrhage

A

Putamen

87
Q

Most sensitive area of brain to hypoxia

A

Globus pallidus and hippocampus

88
Q

Common location for strokes, particularly lacunar infarcts and hypertensive hemorrhages

A

Basal ganglia

89
Q

Phylogenetically older cortex that has a major role in memory, olfaction, emotion

A

Limbic lobe

90
Q

Formed by nestes “C-shaped” arches of tissues surrounding diencephalon, basal ganglia

A

Limbic lobe

91
Q

Largest arch of limbic system

A

Outer arch

92
Q

Anterior end of parahippocampal gyrus

A

Uncus

93
Q

Swings medially at posterior temporal lobe and becomes isthmus of cingulate gyrus

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

94
Q

Anterosuperior continuation of parahippocampal gyrus

A

Cingulate gyrus

95
Q

Anteroinferior continuation of cingulate gyrus

A

Subcallosal (paraolfactory area)

96
Q 
Arch of limbic lobe that extends from temporal to frontal lobes, comprised of:
Uncus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Subcallosal
A

Outer arch

97
Q 
Arch of limbic lobe that extends from temporal to frontal lobes comprised of:
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Supracallosal gyrus
Paraterminal gyrus
A

Middle arch

98
Q

A thin strip of gray matter that extends from dentate/hippocampus all the way around corpus callosum to paraterminal gyrus

A

Supracallosal gyrus

99
Q

Smallest arch of limbic lobe that extends from temporal lobe to mamillary bodies.
Comprised of fornix, fimbria

A

Inner arch

100
Q

Curved structure on medial aspect of temporal lobe that bulges into floor of temporal horn

A

Hippocampus

101
Q

Three anatomic subdivisions of hippocampus

A

Head (pes hippocampus)
Body
Tail

102
Q

Zone in Ammon horn (hippocampus proper) that is composed of Small pyramidal cells that is most vulnerable; commonly affected by anoxia, mesial temporal sclerosis

A

CA1 (sommer sector)

103
Q

Primary efferent system from hippocampus

A

Fornix

104
Q

Large complex of gray nuclei medial to uncus, just in front of temporal horn of lateral ventricle

A

Amygdala

105
Q

Major efferent of amygdala

A

Stria terminalis

106
Q

Incomplete fusion of hippocampal sulcus that becomes CSF containing cysts along medial hippocampus are normal or abnormal?

A

Normal variant

107
Q

Concave midline depression in basisphenoid

A

Sella

108
Q

Anterior borders of sella

A

Tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes of lesser sphenoid wing

109
Q

Posterior borders of sella

A

Dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes

110
Q

Covers sella

A

Diaphragma sellae

111
Q

80% of hypophysis

A

Adenohypophysis

112
Q

Includes para anterior (pars distalis or glandularis), pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
Secretes somato-, lactogenic, other hormones

A

Adenohypophysis

113
Q

Vascular supply of adenohypophysis

A

Portal venous via hypothalamus

114
Q

<5% of pituitary, located between AH/NH, contains axons from hypothalamus
Carries releasing hormones to AH, NH

A

Pars intermedia

115
Q

20% of pituitary and includes pars posterior (nervosa), infundibular stem, median eminence of tuber cinereum

A

Neurohypophysis

116
Q

Contains pituicytes, hypothalamohypophysial tract

Stores vasopressin, oxytocin

A

Neurohypophysis

117
Q

Vascular supply of neurohypophysis

A

Arterial (superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

118
Q

Paired, septated, dural-lined venous sinuses that lack valves

A

Cavernous sinus

119
Q

Venous tributaries of cavernous sinus

A

Superior, inferior ophthalmic veins

Sphenoparietal sinus

120
Q

Contents of cavernous sinus

A

Venous blood, CN3, 4, V1,V2, V3 and CN6, ICAs and sympathetic plexus

121
Q

Cranial nerve that lies within superior lateral dural wall

A

CN3

122
Q

Cranial nerve that lies within cavernous sinus, next to ICA

A

CN6

123
Q

CN that lies just below CN3

A

CN4

124
Q

CN found in lateral wall below CN4

A

V1 ophthalmic division

125
Q

Most inferior cranial nerve in lateral cavernous sinus wall

A

V2 maxillary division

126
Q

Cranial nerve that doesnnot enter cavernous sinus proper (passes from meckel cave inferiorly into foramen ovale)

A

V3 mandibular branch

127
Q

Normal size of pituitary in children

A

< 6 mm

128
Q

Normal size of pituitary in males

A

8 mm

129
Q

Normal size of pituitary in post-menopausal females

A

8mm

130
Q

Physiologic hypertrophy of pituitary in young females, what size

A

10mm

131
Q

Size of pituitary in pregnant/lactating females

A

12 mm

132
Q

Caused by protrusion of arachnoid, CSF into sella, in which normal pituitary becomes flatted, displaced posteroinferiorly against sellar floor
May be associated with pseudotumor cerebri

A

Empty sella

133
Q

Can mimic intrasellar aneurysm, compress pituitary

A

Paramedian ICAs (kissing carotids)

134
Q

May mimic ICA aneurysm

A

Anterior clinoid pneumatization

135
Q

Suprasellar bright spot is usually what

A

Ectopic neurohypophysis

Less often lipoma

136
Q

Epiphysis cerebri also called

A

Pineal gland

137
Q

Dorsal nuclei of diencephalon

A

Epithalamus

138
Q

Major components of pineal region

A

Pineal gland
Posterior recesses of third ventricle
Internal cerebral veins, vein of Galen, medial posterior choriodal artery
Epithalamus, quadrigeminal plate (tectum), corpus callosum
Dura, arachnoid

139
Q

Unpaired midline endocrine organ located within quadrigeminal cistern

A

Pineal gland

140
Q

Vascular supply of pineal gland

A

Primarily medial posterior choriodal artery ( lacks blood-brain barrier)

141
Q

Contents of pineal gland

A

Pineal parenchymal cells, germ cells, some neuroglial cells (primarily astrocytes)

142
Q

Function is ro secrete melatonin, thought to regulare sleep/wake cycle, regulation of reproductive function

A

Pineal gland

143
Q

Connects habenular, amygdaloid nuclei and hippocampi

A

Habenular commissure

144
Q

Connections with dorsal thalamus, superior colliculi, pretectal nuclei and others; medial longitudinal fasciculus fibers also cross here

A

Posterior commissure

145
Q

Fibers connecting both habenular nuclei

A

Stria medullaris thalami

146
Q

Relay station for olfactory centers, brainstem, and pineal

A

Habenular nuclei

147
Q

Connections with hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, brainstem, septal nuclei and stria terminalis

A

Paraventricular nuclei

148
Q

Dorsal midbrain or collicular syndrome caused by mass in pineal region compressing tectal plate, with loss of vertical gaze; nystagmus on attempted convergence, pseudo-Argyll-Robertson pupil

A

Parinaud syndrome

149
Q

Sudden onser severe headache, visual problems, hemorrhage into pineal cyst or neoplasm

A

Pineal apoplexy

Head and neck radiology (15 decks)

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