Supporting Urinary and Bowel Elimination Flashcards
the presence of proteins or blood in the urine is a sign of
glomerlar injury
presences of protein in the urine is called
proteinuria
presences of blood in the urine is also called
hematuria
normal urine product is
1-2 L/day
an output of less than 30mL / h may indicate
renal alterations
kidney functions
- produce red blood cells
- blood pressure regulation
- bone mineralization
renin
controls blood pressure
- regulates renal blood flow
urters
tubular structure that connect the collecting duct to the urinary bladder
bladder function
stores and excretes urine
urination is also known as
micturition or voiding
pyelonephritis
kidney infection
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
dysuria
buring while urinating
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Urinary Incontience (UI)
any complaint of involuntary loss of urine
Nocturia
prevalent lower urinary tract symptom
- need to get up at night on a regular basis to urinate
urinary diversion
urinary stoma
postvoid residual (PVR)
- the volume remaining in the bladder after a void
Nurses must consider that urinary elimination problems may be a result in alterations in
sexulaity and self concept
what should the nurse look at when reviewing the health history of a patient in terms of urination
- patterns of urination
- factors affecting urination
during the physical assesment what should the nurse asses in regards to urination
- skin and mucosal membranes
- kidneys
- bladder
- perineum of male and female
hesitancy
report of delay in initiating voiding
polyuria
report that urine excretion volume over 24 hours in noticably larger than the previous excretion
oliguria
diminished urinary output relative to intake (400mL/24 hours
dribbling
leakage of urine despite volunatry control of urination
hematuria
report of passage of visbale blood mixed in the urine
an hourly output of less than ___mL for more than __ hours is cause for concern
30
2
chacterisitics of urine
- color
- clarity
- odour
normally urine should be a ____ color
straw
normal urine appears
transparent
purpose of GI tract
- ingest food
- break down ingested material into absorable forms
- absorb nutrients and fluids
- provide temporary storage of feces
mouth
mascualtes food and turns it into bolus
3 functions of the colon
- absorption
- secretion
- eliminiation
correct positioning for elimination
- knees higher than hips
- leaning forward
- elbows on knees
- buldge out your abdominal
- straighten your spine
factors effecting normal bowel elimination
- diet
- fluid intake
- physical activity
- personal bowel elimination habits
- privacy
fibre
bilk of fecal material
what are common predispoding factors to constipation
- low dietary fibre and poor fluid intake
lactose intolerance
- inablility to digest the sugar lactose
physical activity promotes
peristalsis
how many types of stool are in the bristol stool scale
7 types
type 1 (Bristol stool scale)
seperate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
type 2 (Bristol stool scale)
sausage shaped but lumpy
type 3 (Bristol stool scale)
like a sausage but with cracks on the surface
type 4 (Bristol stool scale)
like a sausage or a snake, smooth and soft
type 5 (Bristol stool scale)
soft blobs with clear cut edges (easily passed)
type 6 (Bristol stool scale)
fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
type 7 (Bristol stool scale)
watery, no solid pieces
ENTIRELY LIQUID
what is the normal color of stool
brown
what is white/ clay stool caused by
absense of bile pigement
what does black or tarry stool indicate
ingestion of iron or bismuth preperations or upper GI bleeding
what does a plae yellow, greesy stool indicate
increased fat contnet
- malabsorption of fat
how often should the normal person eliminate
daily or 2-3 time weekly
common bowel elimination problems
- constipation
- impaction
- diarrhea
- incontaince
- flatulence
- hemorroids
constipation
bowel movements that are difficult or infrequent
impaction
results from unrelieved constipation
- collection of hardened feces that are wedged in the rectum and cannot be expelled
Diarrhea
- increase in the number of stools and the passage of watery, unformed feces
Bowel incotinence
- inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus
Flatulence is the common cause of
abdominal fullness, pain and cramping
flatulence =
gas
how much flatulence is in a helathy individual
100 -200 mL
hemmeroids
- dialated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum
stoma
- temporary or permeant artificial opening the the abdominal wall
ileostomy
a surgical opening in the ileum
colonoscopy
a surgical opening into the colon
effulent
stool discharged from the ostomy
what is the ideal fluid intake for adults
1500-2000ml
what is the ideal fluid intake for an infant
500ml
caffeine is a
natural diuretuc
- increases urine production
when do children gain control of urination
between 12 months and 3 years
psychological factors that influence urination
- nervousness
- stress
- fear
- cold
Neurological factors that affect urination
- impaired neuromuscular function
- damage at or below the sacral region of the spinal cord
- impaired neurological functions
Urinary diversion
creation of an alternate pathway for urine elimination
- suprapubic catheter
- nephrostomy tubes
- urostomy
dialysis
- if renal cells are lost/damaged, dialysis can filter blood
levels of urinary incontinence
- stress UI
- urge UI
- Mixed UI
- reflex UI
- Chronic retention UI
- functional UI
- multifactorial UI
Considerations for health promotion
- maintain adequate hydration
- void frequency
- proper cleaning of perineum after voiding
- maintain perineal hygiene
- Kegel exercises can strenghten pelvic floor muscles
what nutritional consideration is important in bowel continence
fiber
foods high in greese and fat tend to cause
diarrhea
physical activity encourages
peristalsis
