Infection Prevention and Control Flashcards
pathogens
cause disease
infection
a disease state resulting from the entry and multiplication of a pathogen in the tissues of a host
- casues body to manifest clinical signs and symptoms
what causes the body to manifest certain signs and symptoms
infection
communicable
-the infection can be transfered from one person to the other
- contagious
immunocompromised
has an impaired immune system
development of infection depends on the presence of the following 6 elements:
- a infectious agent (pathogen)
- a reservoir
- portal of exit from the reservoir
- a mode of transportation
- a portal of entry to the host
- a susceptible host
microbes on the skin are called
resident of transient flora
if resident microorganism replicate they will
not cause harm
what is an example of a resident microbe of the skin
straphylococcus aureus
transient microorgansims
- attatch to the skin when a person has contact with another person or object
virulence
the ability of a miccroorganism to produce disease
reservior
is a place where a pathogen can survive but may or may not muliply
when a pathogen is present on the skin or within the body but does not cause harm the pathogen is _______
colonizing
carriers
- animals or persons who show no symptoms of illness but who have pathogens in their bodies that ycan be transfered to others
can carries transmit disease
yes
to thrive, pathogen require a reservoir that provides:
- food
- oxygen (or no oxygen)
- water
- appropriate temperature
- appropriate pH
- minimal light
aerobic
bacteria that require oxygen to survive and multiply sufficiently to cause disease
anerobic
do not require oxygen
does aerobic or anaerobic cause more infections
aerobic
portal of exit
the path by which pathogens leave the reservoir
contact transmission
- the transfer of microbes by physical touch; may be direct contact of indirect contact
direct contact
- physical skin-to skin contact between an infected or colonized individual and a suseptiable host
droplet transmission
- large particles (droplets) from the respiratory system of an infected source through the air deposited into a susceptible host
indirect contact
-contact between a susceptible host and a contaminated inanimate object
how far can droplet transmission propell up to
2m
airborne transmission
- small airborne particles (droplet nuclei) containing microbes remain suspended in the air for long period of time
- air currents transmit particles to a susceptible host
vechile transmission
- a single contaminated source (water, medications, food, equipment) transmits infection to multiple host, possible resulting in an outbreak
vectorborne transmission
insects transmit microbes to humans
suseptiablilty depends apon
the individuals degree of resistance to the pathogen
localized infection
restricted or limited to an area
systemic infection
an infection that affects the entire body
immune responce
- protective responce that nutralizes pathogens and reapirs body cells
incubation period
interval between the entrance of the pathogen into the body and the apperance of the first symptoms
prodromal stage
- inveral between the onset of non-specific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms
can the patient spread disease to others in the prodromal stage
yes
illness stage
- inverval when the patient manifest signs and symptoms specific to the type of infection
convalescence
- interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear, and the body start to replensih its resources and return to a state of homeostasis
normal flora
- microbe sin the intesine
- microbes on the surface of the skin (resident microbes_)
broad spectrum antibodies can lead to the development of _____
superinfections
when do superinfections occur
- when broad spectrum antibiotics eliminate a wide range of microorganisms , not just those causing infection (wipe out the normal flora)
nectrolic tissue =
dead
exudates
- in inflammation responce
- fluid and cells that are discharged from cells of blood vessels
EXAMPLE: pus or sebum
examples of exudates
- pus
-sebum
edema
localized fluid appears as swelling
health- care associated infections (HAI) are also known as
nosocomial infections
HAI’s are
- an infection acquired after admission to a health facility that was not present or incubating at the time of admission
exogenous infections
arises from a microorganism external to the individual that do not exsist as normal flora
examples of exogenous infections are
- samonella
- closterium tetani
endogenous infection
occur when some of the patient flora become alterd and overgrowth results
examples of endogenous infections
- entercocci, yeast, and streptococci
4 common site for causes of health care infection
- surgical and traumatic wounds
- urinary tract
- respiratory tract
- bloodstream
what factors contribute to patient suseptiablilty
- age
- nutritional status
- stress
- disease process
- medical therapy
asepsis
- the process for keeping away disease producing microorganisms
medical asepsis is also known as the
clean technique
medical asepsis includes procedures that are used to
reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms
exaples of medical asepsis
- hand hygiene
- ## using clean gloves
hand hygiene
- most important and most basic technique in preventing transmission
surgical aspesis is also known as the
sterile technique
surgical aspesis includes
- producers used to elimate all microorganisms, including spores from an object or area
when a patient is on contact precautions what PPE must you wear before entering the room
gown and gloves required
a patient is placed on contact precasusion when the microorganisms can spread through
direct contact
examples of organsims that cause contact precausions
- C. diff
- MRSA
- straphylococcus
- used when any body fluid exxposure is possible
when a patient is on droplet precasions what PPE must be worn before entering the room
mask and eye protection
a patient is placed on droplet precausions when organisms are spread
through droplets in the air
examples of organsims that can cause droplet precausion
- mumps
- MRSA
what PPE are you required to wear when a pateint is placed on contact and droplet precausions
- mask
- eye protection
- gloves
- gown
examples of organisms that can cause droplet and contact precausions
- influenza
- mumps
- MRSA
what PPE must be in place when entering a patients room who is on airborne precausions
- N95 mask
- private room
- negative pressure airflow
airborne precausions occur when
microorgansims are airborne droplets that are suspended in the air during sneezing, coughing, or talking
examples of microorganisms that cause airborne precausions
- TB
- measles
What PPE must be worn when entering a patients room on airborne and contact precausions
- N95
- eye protection
- gown
- gloves
examples of microorgansims that are cause airborne and contact precautions
- shingels
- varicella (chicken pox)
when caring for a patient on isolation asses risk / reason for infection
- age
- stress
0 nutritional status - illness
- known microorganisms
- chain of infection
- community aquired or nosocomial infection
categories present in the chain of infection
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exist (from reservoir)
- vehicle (means of transportation)
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
