Supporting Digestion Flashcards

Question

How are pancreatic secretions stimulated

Answer 1

Parasympathetically stimulated Acidic chyme causes CCK and secretin to be released into the blood CCK causes secretory zymogen granules to be released by the acinar cells Secretin causes HCO3- to be secreted from the ductal cells

Answer 2

Parotid - Striated ducts - No centroacinar cells - No Islets of Langerhans Pancreas - No striated ducts - Centroacinar cells - Islets of Langerhans

Answer 3

``` Protein metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Fat metabolism Storage Detoxification Secretion ```

Answer 4

Non essential AA synthesis | produce plasma proteins (albumin, clotting factors, lipoprotein proteins, Fe, Cu transport proteins)

Answer 5

Carbs and protein => FA and TAGS | Regulate [blood glucose]

Answer 6

Cholesterol, phospholipids, plasma lipoprotein synthesis

Answer 7

Fe Vitamins Glycogen

Answer 8

Of metabolic waste products Deamination of AA => NH3 => urea => kidneys Of steroid hormones, lipid soluble drugs Metabolism of alcohol => acetalaldehyde => acetate

Answer 9

Synthesis, secretion of bile

Answer 10

Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein HPV brings substances absorbed by GI => liver HA, oxygenated blood Blood enters sinusoids of lobules, exposed to hepatocytes over LSA Central vein collects blood, coalesce to => R and L HV => IVC

Answer 11

Veins surrounded by hepatocytes Lobules surrounded by connective tissue Portal tract forms when CT converges Sinusoids flow towards central vein Bile flows away from the central vein, into hepatic duct

Answer 12

``` Hepatocytes form sheets with at least 1 surface facing a sinusoid Sinusoid walls (fenestrated epithelium) with Space of Disse between hepatocytes and endothelial sinusoid cells ``` Space of Disse contains hepatocytes microvilli Macrophages (Kupffer cells) in inner sinusoid walls Stellate cells produce ECM

Answer 13

In liver, stored and concentrated in gall bladder Synthesised from cholesterol, acts as an emulsifying agent in gut, facilitated fat, vitamin absorption across mucosa Bile salts absorbed in terminal port of ileum, returned to liver via portal system Bile pigments breakdown products of worn out blood cells, destroyed by macrophages of spleen/Kupffer cells

Answer 14

Roughly hexagonal in shape, each point has a bundle of sinusoids and a bile duct Surround a central vein Z1, most oxygenated, nutrient rich, closest to blood supply -Specialised for oxidative functions (gluconeogenesis, B oxidation, cholesterol synthesis) Z2, intermediate, O2, nutrient depleted Z3, Specialised for glycolysis, lipogenesis, cytochrome drug detoxification

Answer 15

Extensive damage around central vein, denatured proteins take up more eosin Hepatocytes around portal trial stain less, accumulate fat Loss of liver architecture => RBC infiltration between cells Z3, most sensitive to quinone produced by paracetamol

Answer 16

Extensive fibrosis of portal triad, lobules Architecture of lobules disrupted Lots of inflammatory cells

Answer 17

Extensive fibrosis from Stellate cells Architecture of lobules severely disrupted Hepatocytes restricted to small regenerative nodules

Answer 18

Muscular sac with simple tall columnar epithelium Epithelial have irregular microvilli at luminal surface, basal nuclei Loose submucosa rich in elastin, blood vessels, lymphatics Bile resevoir Conc bile from NaCl pumped from basolateral border => osmotic gradient This displaces the basolateral surface causing splits between cells Water enter lymphatics in lamina propria

Answer 19

CCK produced by I cells in duodenum in response to lipid Causes smooth gall bladder muscle to contract Bile discharges => duodenum via cystic duct and common bile duct controlled by major duodenal papilla Emulsifying agent in gut, faciliates fat, vitamin absorption across gut mucosa