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Principles of pharmacology and physiology > Autonomic Nervous System: A Pharmacological Perspective > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System: A Pharmacological Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of autonomic nervous system

A

Neuronal groups and fibre connections they control heart, visceral organ, blood vessels ad gland activity and maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

Definition of adrenergic

A

Relating to nerve cells where adrenaline, noradrenaline or similar substances act as a neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Definition of cholinergic

A

Relating to nerve cells where acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter

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4
Q

Definition of contransmission

A

When other neurotransmitters are released along with acetylcholine or noradrenaline

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5
Q

Responses to a change in the environment and the varying demands on the body
Rapid
2 types

A

Voluntary, somatic nervous system => skeletal muscles

Involuntary, ANS => CV system, other organs

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6
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Neuronal groups and fibre connections that control activity of heart, viscera and vasculature, smooth muscle and glands

Maintains homeostasis directly/indirectly

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7
Q

Function of the parasympathetic branch

A

Digestion, excretion, visual accommodation
Rest and digest state
Localized innervation

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8
Q

Function of the sympathetic branch

A

Ongoing control of cardiovascular system and reflex response to stressful situations
Fight/flight state
More widespread innervation and effects

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9
Q

Type of efferent nerve pathways, parasympathetic salivary gland

A

Long preganglionic, Ach released onto N receptors

Ach released onto M receptors (salivary gland)

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10
Q

Type of efferent nerve pathways,

Sympathetic vasculature

A

Short preganglionic, Ach released onto N receptors

NA released onto adrenergic receptors (blood vessels)

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11
Q

Type of efferent nerve pathways,

Sympathetic sweat glands

A

Short preganglionic, Ach released onto N receptors

Ach released onto M receptors (sweat gland)

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12
Q

Type of efferent nerve pathway

Sympathetic adrenals

A

Long nerve, Ach released onto N receptors on adrenal medulla

NA/A released into blood, adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

Types of cholinergic receptors

A

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

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14
Q

Muscarinic receptors

Structure
M2?
M3?

A

5 subtypes M1-M5
G protein coupled

M2, cardiac => Gai/o => decrease in cAMP, slow HR and contractile force
M3, smooth muscle/glandular => Gaq => increase in IP3 and DAG => contract

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15
Q

Nicotinic receptors

Structure
N1
N2

A

5 subunits

N1, muscle receptor
N2, ganglionic receptor

Non selective cation channel, mainly admits Na+, K+, causes rapid cell depolarization

2 Ach binds to a1 subunits

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16
Q

a adrenergic receptors

Subtypes and functions

A

2 subtypes
a1, a2, each has 3 sub subtypes

a1 = Gq, stimulates IP3/DAG => increase [Ca2+]
In blood vessels

a2 = Gi, inhibits AC => decreases cAMP
Presynaptically, decrease release of NA

17
Q

b adrenergic receptors

Subtypes and functions

A

3 subtypes, all activate Gs, increase cAMP via PKA

b1, main cardiac subtype
b2, main vascular, airways subtype (SMOOTH MUSCLE)
b3, mainly found in adipose and detrusor

18
Q

Non adrenergic, non cholinergic neurotransmitters (NANC)
What are they
Why are they useful

A

Sometimes, Ach/NA released w other NT = cotransmitters
Stronger levels of stimulation => different NT release patterns
Allows for differential target cell function control
Occurs in ganglionic and post ganglionic synapses
V imp in CNS and ENS

19
Q

Opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic effects
Heart rate

Nerves responsible

A

SAN stimulated => increased HR, BP, CO, force

VIA VAGUS
SAN inhibited => decreased HR, BP, CO
AVN innervated => decreased conduction speed to B of H

20
Q

Opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic effects

GI tract, bladder and defaecation

A

Decreased GI motility, sphincter contraction, decreased digestion
Relaxed detrusor

VIA VAGUS
Relaxed sphincters, peristalsis

VIA PELVIC
Detrusor contracts, defaecation

21
Q

Opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic effects

Airways

A

Increased bronchodilation

VIA VAGUS
Increased bronchoconstriction

22
Q

Opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic effects

Pupils

A

Pupil dilation via iris dilator contraction

VIA OCULOMOTOR
Pupil constriction via iris sphincter
Visual accommodation via cililary muscle contraction

23
Q

Opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic effects

Erection

A

Ejaculation

VIA PELVIC
Erection

24
Q

Effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic on vasculature

A

VC of splanchnic circulation
Heart artery dilation and skeletal muscle

VIA VAGUS
VD of splanchnic, renal (does not affect TPR)

VIA PELVIC
VD of penile (does not affect TPR)

25
Q

Antagonistic effects of SNS and PNS on HR

A

SNS and PNS drive to organ is reciprocal
Opposing effects provide wide dynamic range over which organs can alter behavior
Under rest, HR is PNS dominated
One is excitatory, the other is inhibitory

26
Q

The baroreceptor reflex

A

Increase in BP distends arterial wall, stimulates afferent nerve endings
Signal sent to brain stem (Nucleus tracts solitairius), compares BP to set point

Innervates parasympathetic, decrease HR and CO
Innervates sympathetic, decrease HR, CO, arterial constriction, TPR, venous constriction

BP falls to set point

27
Q

Process of cholinergic neurotransmission

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline => Ach with choline acetyletransferase

Ach stored in vesicel to be released when [Ca2+] is high
Ach binds to receptor, depolarizes post synaptic membrane
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach into choline and acetate and reabsorbed by presynaptic membrane

28
Q

Inhibition of Ach breakdown
Medication?
Effects?

A

Ecothiopate/NEOGISTIME inhibits cholinesterase in the eye

Increases pupillary constriction
increases aqueous humous
decreases intraocular pressure
Increased salivation/sweating

29
Q

ENS
What are the 2 types
What do they release

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexus of sensory, motor and interneurons, form 2 layers in GI tract walls

Uses variety of NANC NT, including Ach, vasoactive intestinal polypeptides and NO

30
Q

Function of ENS

A

Coordinates and controls peristalsis, fluid transport, glandular secretion, blood flow
Effects on PNS, SNS on GI tract indirectly exerted by ENS

31
Q

Effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the kidney and skin

A

Increased renin release from JGA

Piloerection

32
Q

Inhibition of ACh
Medication?
Effects?

A

Botulinum toxin prevents Ach exocytosis

Prevents M receptor stimulation
-bladder relaxation

33
Q

Importance of PKA in Gs

A

PKA phosphorylates
L type, Ryanodine receptors, PLB, SR in b1
Myosin light chain kinase in b2

Principles of pharmacology and physiology (25 decks)

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