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Principles of pharmacology and physiology > Body Fluids and Blood > Flashcards

Body Fluids and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of compartments

A

Physiological collections of organs and tissues containing water, divided by cell membranes

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2
Q

Definition of transcellular fluids

A

Come from ECS, have slow diffusion to and from plasma

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3
Q

Definition of osmole

A

Unit of the total no of freely diffusible entities in solution
(6.022x10^23 = 1mole)

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4
Q

Definition of osmolarity

A

1 osmole/litre

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5
Q

Definition of osmolality

A

1 osmole/kg

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6
Q

Definition of osmotic pressure

A

Determined by the total no of freely diffusible entities in solution

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7
Q

Definition of tonicity

A

Volume change of a cell placed in solution, only applies when solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane

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8
Q

Definition of crystalloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure of aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water soluble molecules

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9
Q

Definition of oncotic/colloidal pressure

A

Osmotic pressure induced by proteins, otherwise known as colloidal pressure

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10
Q

Units of concentration

1M

A

1mole/litre

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11
Q

Units of concentration

mol, umol, nmol, pmol, fmol

A 
10
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
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12
Q

Converting between kPa and mmHg

A

x7.5

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13
Q

Converting between mmHg and kPa

A

x0.133

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14
Q

3 main fluid compartments

A

Plasma
Interstitial space
Intracellular space (ICS)

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15
Q

Total water% of human body mass

A

60%

42l

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16
Q

What % of body mass is ICS + blood cells

A

40%

28l

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17
Q

What % of body mass is blood cells

A

3%

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18
Q

What % of body mass is interstitial space

A

15%

10.5l

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19
Q

What % of body mass is plasma

A

5%

3.5l

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20
Q

What % of body mass is ECS

A

20%

14l

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21
Q

What % of body mass is plasma + blood cells

A

8%

5.5l

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22
Q

What is the water content of lean tissue

A

0.7l/kg

But depends on fat content, more dense than water

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23
Q

Name the other fluid compartments

A 
CSF (150ml)
Aqueous, vitreous humor
Synovial fluid
Amniotic fluid
GI tract secretions
Lymph

All form part of the ECS, slow diffusion from the plasma

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24
Q

How to measure fluid compartments (dilution method)

A

Add known amount of substance (S) to unknown volume (V)
Measure conc after removing known volume

If calculating plasma volume with Evan Blue, use the haematocrit to work out blood volume

V=S/C

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25
Q

What substances should you use to measure fluid compartments in plasma

A

Distributes in space, non toxic, not metabolized quickly
Does not cross capillaries, must be large
Evans Blue, labelled Inulin, Albumin

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26
Q

What substances should you use to measure fluid compartments in ECS

A

Distributes in space, non toxic, not metabolized quickly
Does not enter cells easily
24Na, sucrose

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27
Q

What substances should you use to measure fluid compartments in the whole body

A

Distributes in space, non toxic, not metabolized quickly

3H2O

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28
Q

How to derive the spaces

IS

A

ECS-PV=IS

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29
Q

How to derive the spaces

ICS

A

TBW-ECS=ICS

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30
Q

What are the major constituents of body fluid

A

Ions
Proteins and cells in blood
Dissolved gases
Nutrients and metabolites

31
Q

Importance of ionic composition in ECF, ICF

A

Ions determine osmolarity
Conc of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- differ between ECF and ICF, important for cell function (membrane potential)
Osmolarity must be equal

32
Q

What is the osmotic pressure and osmolarity

A

Determined by no of freely diffusible entities in solution

eg 140nmol/l of NaCl = 280mosm/l

33
Q

Why must osmolarity be controlled

A

Osmolarity of plasma controls plasma volume
Osmolarity of ICF controls cell volume
1 osmole exerts a huge amount of pressure, cause cells to crenate or lyse

34
Q

What is the osmolarity of plasma

35
Q

What is the tonicity of plasma

A

Isotonic solution = 0.9% w/v NaCl

36
Q

Crystalloid osmotic pressure

A

For small diffusible tones
ICO, ECO are equal, ions not permeable across membranes
Crystalloid osmotic pressure only exists when the ions cannot diffuse across

37
Q

Colloidal osmotic pressure

A 
For proteins (70g/l)
Exerts colloidal pressure in capillaries, cannot cross capillaries (25mmHg)
Colloidal pressure balanced by outward hydrostatic pressure
38
Q

Hydrostatic pressure vs colloidal pressure

A

Arteriole side
High hydrostatic pressure
Low colloidal pressure

Venule side
Low hydrostatic pressure
High colloidal pressure

39
Q

Ionic composition of [Na+] in plasma

40
Q

Ionic composition of [K+] in plasma

41
Q

Ionic composition of [Ca2+] in plasma

42
Q

Ionic composition of [Cl-] in plasma

43
Q

Ionic composition of [HCO3-] in plasma

44
Q

Ionic composition of [Na+] in ICF

45
Q

Ionic composition of [K+] in ICF

46
Q

Ionic composition of [Ca2+] in ICF

47
Q

What does Na+ control in the plasma

A

Blood volume

48
Q

What does K+ control in the ICF

A

Cell volume

49
Q

Ions present in the plasma

A 
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl-
HCO3-
50
Q

Ions present in the ICF

A 
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl-
Amino acids
51
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
a, b, y globulin
Fibrinogen

52
Q

Concentration and function of albumin

A

4.8g/l
Contributes to colloidal pressure
Transport and buffering of pH

53
Q

Concentration and function of a, b, y globulin

A

0.7-0.13g/l each
Homeostasis
Transport
Immune system

54
Q

Concentration and function of fibrinogen

A

3g/l

Haemostasis

55
Q

Total mass of plasma proteins in 1l

56
Q

Components in blood

A

Plasma
Leukocytes
Packed cells (Erythrocytes)

57
Q

Haematocrit of RBC in females

58
Q

Hematocrit of RCB in males

59
Q

RBCC, males, females

A
  1. 5x10^12/l

4. 8x10^12/l

60
Q

Hb mass, males, females

A

160g/l

140g/l

61
Q

Lifespan of RBC

62
Q

Function of RBC

A

Carry O2

Buffer pH

63
Q

Mean RBC volume

64
Q

Causes of anaemia

A

Low Hb/cell count
Low RBCC
Defective haemoglobin

65
Q

WBCC volume

A

Considerably fewer than RBCs

4-11x10^9/l

66
Q

Function of WBC

A

Defense vs foreign materials

Inflammatory, allergic responses

67
Q

% of lymphocytes and function

A

20-40%

Produce immunoglobulins

68
Q

% of monocytes and function

A

2-8%

Migrate into tissues, form macrophages

69
Q

% of neutrophils and function

A

50-70%
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis

70
Q

% of eosinophils and function

A

1-4%
Phagocytosis
Allergies

71
Q

% of basophils and function

A

0.5%
Histamine and heparin release (like mast cells)
Oppose haemostasis

72
Q

Total volume of platelets

A

150-400x10^9/l

73
Q

Where do platelets come from

A

Megakaryote fragments

74
Q

Function of platelets

A

Haemostasis
No nucleus, has dense granules
Changes shape, release granules, stick together when activated

Principles of pharmacology and physiology (25 decks)

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