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Principles of pharmacology and physiology > Body Fluids and Blood > Flashcards

Body Fluids and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of compartments

A

Physiological collections of organs and tissues containing water, divided by cell membranes

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2
Q

Definition of transcellular fluids

A

Come from ECS, have slow diffusion to and from plasma

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3
Q

Definition of osmole

A

Unit of the total no of freely diffusible entities in solution
(6.022x10^23 = 1mole)

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4
Q

Definition of osmolarity

A

1 osmole/litre

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5
Q

Definition of osmolality

A

1 osmole/kg

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6
Q

Definition of osmotic pressure

A

Determined by the total no of freely diffusible entities in solution

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7
Q

Definition of tonicity

A

Volume change of a cell placed in solution, only applies when solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane

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8
Q

Definition of crystalloid osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure of aqueous solutions of mineral salts or other water soluble molecules

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9
Q

Definition of oncotic/colloidal pressure

A

Osmotic pressure induced by proteins, otherwise known as colloidal pressure

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10
Q

Units of concentration

1M

A

1mole/litre

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11
Q

Units of concentration

mol, umol, nmol, pmol, fmol

A 
10
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
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12
Q

Converting between kPa and mmHg

A

x7.5

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13
Q

Converting between mmHg and kPa

A

x0.133

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14
Q

3 main fluid compartments

A

Plasma
Interstitial space
Intracellular space (ICS)

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15
Q

Total water% of human body mass

A

60%

42l

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16
Q

What % of body mass is ICS + blood cells

A

40%

28l

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17
Q

What % of body mass is blood cells

A

3%

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18
Q

What % of body mass is interstitial space

A

15%

10.5l

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19
Q

What % of body mass is plasma

A

5%

3.5l

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20
Q

What % of body mass is ECS

A

20%

14l

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21
Q

What % of body mass is plasma + blood cells

A

8%

5.5l

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22
Q

What is the water content of lean tissue

A

0.7l/kg

But depends on fat content, more dense than water

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23
Q

Name the other fluid compartments

A 
CSF (150ml)
Aqueous, vitreous humor
Synovial fluid
Amniotic fluid
GI tract secretions
Lymph

All form part of the ECS, slow diffusion from the plasma

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24
Q

How to measure fluid compartments (dilution method)

A

Add known amount of substance (S) to unknown volume (V)
Measure conc after removing known volume

If calculating plasma volume with Evan Blue, use the haematocrit to work out blood volume

V=S/C

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25
What substances should you use to measure fluid compartments in plasma
Distributes in space, non toxic, not metabolized quickly Does not cross capillaries, must be large Evans Blue, labelled Inulin, Albumin
26
What substances should you use to measure fluid compartments in ECS
Distributes in space, non toxic, not metabolized quickly Does not enter cells easily 24Na, sucrose
27
What substances should you use to measure fluid compartments in the whole body
Distributes in space, non toxic, not metabolized quickly | 3H2O
28
How to derive the spaces | IS
ECS-PV=IS
29
How to derive the spaces | ICS
TBW-ECS=ICS
30
What are the major constituents of body fluid
Ions Proteins and cells in blood Dissolved gases Nutrients and metabolites
31
Importance of ionic composition in ECF, ICF
Ions determine osmolarity Conc of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- differ between ECF and ICF, important for cell function (membrane potential) Osmolarity must be equal
32
What is the osmotic pressure and osmolarity
Determined by no of freely diffusible entities in solution | eg 140nmol/l of NaCl = 280mosm/l
33
Why must osmolarity be controlled
Osmolarity of plasma controls plasma volume Osmolarity of ICF controls cell volume 1 osmole exerts a huge amount of pressure, cause cells to crenate or lyse
34
What is the osmolarity of plasma
290mosm/l
35
What is the tonicity of plasma
Isotonic solution = 0.9% w/v NaCl
36
Crystalloid osmotic pressure
For small diffusible tones ICO, ECO are equal, ions not permeable across membranes Crystalloid osmotic pressure only exists when the ions cannot diffuse across
37
Colloidal osmotic pressure
``` For proteins (70g/l) Exerts colloidal pressure in capillaries, cannot cross capillaries (25mmHg) Colloidal pressure balanced by outward hydrostatic pressure ```
38
Hydrostatic pressure vs colloidal pressure
Arteriole side High hydrostatic pressure Low colloidal pressure Venule side Low hydrostatic pressure High colloidal pressure
39
Ionic composition of [Na+] in plasma
140mmol/l
40
Ionic composition of [K+] in plasma
4mmol/l
41
Ionic composition of [Ca2+] in plasma
2mmol/l
42
Ionic composition of [Cl-] in plasma
110mmol/l
43
Ionic composition of [HCO3-] in plasma
24mmol/l
44
Ionic composition of [Na+] in ICF
10mmol/l
45
Ionic composition of [K+] in ICF
120mmol/l
46
Ionic composition of [Ca2+] in ICF
100nmol/l
47
What does Na+ control in the plasma
Blood volume
48
What does K+ control in the ICF
Cell volume
49
Ions present in the plasma
``` Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cl- HCO3- ```
50
Ions present in the ICF
``` Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cl- Amino acids ```
51
Plasma proteins
Albumin a, b, y globulin Fibrinogen
52
Concentration and function of albumin
4.8g/l Contributes to colloidal pressure Transport and buffering of pH
53
Concentration and function of a, b, y globulin
0.7-0.13g/l each Homeostasis Transport Immune system
54
Concentration and function of fibrinogen
3g/l | Haemostasis
55
Total mass of plasma proteins in 1l
70g
56
Components in blood
Plasma Leukocytes Packed cells (Erythrocytes)
57
Haematocrit of RBC in females
42%
58
Hematocrit of RCB in males
47%
59
RBCC, males, females
5. 5x10^12/l | 4. 8x10^12/l
60
Hb mass, males, females
160g/l | 140g/l
61
Lifespan of RBC
120 days
62
Function of RBC
Carry O2 | Buffer pH
63
Mean RBC volume
85fl
64
Causes of anaemia
Low Hb/cell count Low RBCC Defective haemoglobin
65
WBCC volume
Considerably fewer than RBCs | 4-11x10^9/l
66
Function of WBC
Defense vs foreign materials | Inflammatory, allergic responses
67
% of lymphocytes and function
20-40% | Produce immunoglobulins
68
% of monocytes and function
2-8% | Migrate into tissues, form macrophages
69
% of neutrophils and function
50-70% Chemotaxis Phagocytosis
70
% of eosinophils and function
1-4% Phagocytosis Allergies
71
% of basophils and function
0.5% Histamine and heparin release (like mast cells) Oppose haemostasis
72
Total volume of platelets
150-400x10^9/l
73
Where do platelets come from
Megakaryote fragments
74
Function of platelets
Haemostasis No nucleus, has dense granules Changes shape, release granules, stick together when activated

Principles of pharmacology and physiology (25 decks)

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