Supporters of Fascism Flashcards
When did the Nationalists merge with the PNF?
1923
What % of support for Fascists was made up by land owners?
12%
What were the urban petty bourgeoisie frustrated with the Liberals for?
inflation / post-war unemployment
Who financially backed the Fascists?
Industrialists
What % of Italy’s students belonged to the PNF?
13%
What type of supporter left after the PNF moved further right?
original fascists
mainly syndicalists
PNF Membership May 1921
80,500
PNF Membership Dec 1921
218,000
Mid-1922
250,000
Late-1922
300,000
Who did not commit to action when Fascists began ejecting elected authorities (1922)
Facta
By when did the PNF control 1/2 of upper Italy via ejecting elected authorities
Autumn 1922
How many fascists Marched on Rome (October 27th 1922)
30,000
What period was Mussolini a constitutional PM for?
October 1922 - January 1925
Who was Stefani?
Mussolini’s government’s FOREIGN MINISTER
Who was Bono?
Mussolini’s government’s HEAD OF POLICE
Who were intransigents?
Squadristi who demanded full-scale fascist takeover
Where did Mussolini have the right to make all appointments to, meaning he basically could manipulate Fascist policy?
Grand Council of Fascism
When was the Grand Council of Fascism set up
December 1922
What was the name of the squadristi who were made into a state funded militia?
MSVN
What group did Mussolini earn the support of via not attacking tax evasion?
Industrialists
Confindustria (Employers organisation)
What did Mussolini declare to get the support of the Church - prompting Pope to withdraw support from popolari
says he will ban contraception
+ make religious education compulsory
When does Pope begin to withdraw support from Popolari
1923
Name X4 reasons why the PNF did well in the 1924 April elections
- vote rigging in south
- electoral alliance w right-wing liberals
- propaganda campaigns
- divisions of the left
Name an area that did not have a Fascist majority in April 1924 election
Milan
When was Matteoti killed
June 1924
What was the name of anti-fascist MPs withdrawing their support from parliament after Matteoti crisis
Aventine succession
Name X3 supporters after the Matteotti crisis that suggested Mussolini’s position was safe
- vatican journal
- senate
- army continued supplying surplus weapons
When did the ras demand Mussolini to move towards Fascist dictatorship
December 1924
When was press censorship introduced?
July 1924
When were opposition political parties banned?
August 1924
When did Mussolini make his largest move to become fascist dictator?
Jan 1925
What constitutional reforms were made in 1925 that effectively made Mussolini a dictator?
- parliament cannot sack PM
- PM can rule by decree
Was Mussolini completely independent of control in Jan 1925?
No - still accountable to King
In what year did the King lose the right to select PM?
1928
What did Mussolini do to potential in-party rivals?
Tactically remove them
e.g Balbo sent to occupy post in Libya
What was the role of the King in Mussolini’s dictatorship?
traditionally distant from domestic policy anyway
M continues to follow protocol and visits twice weekly
What happened to judges under M’s dictatorship?
One of only areas purged
Dozens sacked for not being sympathetic to fascism
What happened to the role of parliament in 1926?
lost the ability to discuss / debate policy
When did Parliament abolish itself?
Jan 1939
What was parliament replaced with in Jan 1939?
Chamber of Fasces & Corporations
Why did Fascist membership increase in the 1930s
many realised promotions depended on membership + loyalty
How did Mussolini gain the armed forces support?
Stresses military + he shared common interests
Ambitious officers realise promotion dependent on being a Fascist member
When were the Lateran Agreements signed
1929
