Post-War Crisis Flashcards
When was the PPI founded
January 1919
When was universal male suffrage introduced in Italy
December 1918
Who was the PM for Italy at the ToV
Orlando
Who was the foreign minister for Italy at the ToV
Sonnino
Who whipped up public opinion to expect territorial gains at ToV
Nationalists
Eg D’Annunzio
What area had not been mentioned in the ToL but was expected by Italy
Adriatic port of Fiume
When was the ToL signed
1915
What treaty did Italy receive its territorial gains in
Treaty of St Germain (sept 1919)
Apart from territorial gains what did Italy benefit from in the ToV
Dissolution of A-H
What two things was Italy promised in the ToL but did not receive in the ToV
- Dalmatia
- German colonies
What was Wilsons reason why Italy did not receive all it asked for
Infringed principle of self-determination
Where did Fiume go to
Newly created Yugoslavia
When did D’Annunzio seize Fiume
September 1919
How many soldiers did D’Annunzio seize Fiume with
2000
Who offered no resistance when D’Annunzio seized Fiume
Pittaluga
Local commander of Italian troops
Who was PM when D’Annunzio seized Fiume
What did he do
Nitti
Didn’t use army against D’Annunzios troops as saw occupation was popular
How long was Fiume held for
Over a year
Who took over as PM from Nitti
Giolitti
What treaty did Giolitti organise which marginalised D’Annunzio
Treaty of Rapallo
Who was the ToR signed with
Yugoslavia
When was the ToR signed
1920
What happened to Fiume under the ToR
Independent city under international control
What did Italy receive from the ToR
Whole of Istria
What did the seizure of Fiume price in terms of army loyalty?
The liberal regime could not take it for granted
What did D’Annunzio and his legionaries develop as a style of punishment for opponents
Drinking laxative castor oil
What was national debt in 1914 (start of war)
16 billion lira
What was national debt at the end of war (1919)
85 billion lira
What did the liberal government do to cover their war expenditure
Print more money
By 1920 what was the lire worth in comparison to its 1914 value
25%
Who benefitted from the war economy most
Large industrial companies
Eg fiat
What happened to large industrial companies after war?
Share prices halved
X2 major munitions factories collapsed
What was unemployment in late 1919
2 million
Which PM introduced universal make suffrage
Orlando
When universal make suffrage was introduced what did the electorate expand to
11 million
Which government introduced the party list system which meant proportional representation
Nitti (1919)
What did the advent of mass democracy mean for the Liberal party
More under threat from parties with resources to organise mass voter support
What did the PSI join which signified it was dedicated to a socialist republic and dictatorship of the proletariat
Comintern
What did PSI membership increase by between the start and end of war
X4
When did the Pope allow Catholics to participate in national elections again
1918
What was the PPI in relation to the church
Non-confessional
Why did the PPI make it difficult for Liberals
- didn’t make a long term alliance with any party
- made it harder for liberals to maintain catholic opinion at a period where it was needed
When were the first elections under the new proportional representation and universal male suffrage done
November 1919
After 1919 what did the Liberals need to survive in parliament
A coalition with either socialists or Catholics
How many PMs between 1919 and 1922
X4
What did the new electoral mass democratic system mean for mass parties
Able to emerge in Italian politics - however many unwilling to form lasting or cooperative coalitions
Who was the PM who set prices on several food items?
Nitti
When did Nitti set prices on several food items - angering the urban petty bourgeoise
1919
Under what government was it declared that peasants could legally occupy land they had been occupying
Nitti
Debt pre war (1914)
16bn
Debt post war (1918)
85bn
With how many soldiers did D’Annunzio take Fiume
2,000
