Rise of Fascism Flashcards
What was formed in Feb 1919 under Mussolini
Fasci di Combatimento
Who did the Fascia di Combatimento mainly appeal to initially
Trenchocracy
servicemen who fought in war
Il Popolo d’Italia changed from a socialist to what type of paper
“paper of combatants and producers”
Who did the squadristi mainly consist of
demobilised soldiers
mobilised on army’s elite troops
Initially what did the Fascist manifesto demand in terms of the monarchy
Abolition
proclamation of Italian republic
What did the Fascist manifesto demand initially for workers
8hr working day and workers to have share of profits
What evidence is there that the authorities were more interested in quelling socialist threat than dealing with Fascists
PSI - FdC riots in April 1919
What happened after the PSI - FdC riots in April 1919
Government doesn’t prosecute any fascists involved in asasult
How many socialists died in PSI-FdC riot (April 1919)
3
How many votes did Fascism gain in November 1919 election
5,000 out of 27,000 in Milan
What % of the vote did Fascists gain 1919
2%
How many seats did Fascists gain 1919
0
Why were small farmers attracted to Fascists
feared collectivisation and having to pay higher wages
In 1921 what % of Fascist supporters were ex-servicemen
50%
In 1921 what % of Fascist supporters were below voting age
25%
Who was each squadrismo squad led by
a ras
Name an area where the squadrismo launched violent raids / attacks
Tuscany
mainly northern areas
How many died in Fascist-socialist clashes in early 1921
207
Give examples of socialist organisations the squadristi raided
HQ’s of left-wing papers
80 trade union offices
Why did Mussolini appeal to the Squadristi as leader?
- offers funds
- pro-fascist military contracts
- skills as orator
- depicts Fascism as national movement in Il Popolo
What did Mussolini do in reaction to poor 1919 election results
move further right
what evidence is there for the fascists moving further right after 1919
abandon pledges to abolish excessive war profits
announces movement opposes PSI (but not proletariat)
How was the Liberal party divided
By factions that followed prominent politicians
e.g Giolitti, Salandra
How many socialist parties were there by 1921
X4
When did the Fascists become a political party (PNF)
November 1921
What did the PNF publish in November 1921
New Programme
What did the New Programme mean? (X5)
Squadristi now under control of Mussolini - not provincial leaders
Lowering of farming and business taxes
Compulsory military service
Opposed to divorce / freemasonry
Privatisation of national firms
How many seats did the PNF gain in the 1921 election
35
What was significant about the 35 deputies from the PNF elected in 1921
all from right-wing of movement
What did Mussolini declare in November 1921 about the Church
would agree to settle ‘roman question’ on terms agreeable to pope
What was formed before May 1921 election between Giolitti and Fascists
Giolitti-Mussolini Pact
= national black against PSI
What did Giolitti see Fascists as
“fireworks”
- would create a lot of noise
- left behind only dust
How many socialist-sympathisers were killed in the lead up to the May 1921 election by squadrismo
100
What action from the police did the squadrismo face as they continued violence before 1921 election
None
despite Giolitti calling for punishment
- many were pro-fascist sympathisers
What type of coalition came about from the May 1921 election
Headed by Giolitti
coalition with PPI
How long did the Giolitti-PPI coalition last for
1month
What happened in June 1921 in terms of Italy’s PM
Giolitti resigned
Why did Mussolini resign
Many fascists oppose signing of Pact of Pacification
Who was offered position as head of Fascists - yet declined it
D’Annunzio
What did Mussolini decide to do later with the PoP
abandon Fascists pledge to it
Name an area that saw large growth of Agrarian Fascism
Po Valley
mainly northern / central italy
Who merged with PNF in 1923
Nationalists (ANI)
When did the ANI merge with the PNF
1923
What % of the 1921 vote for Fascists was made of land owners
12%
What were land owners furious with the Liberal government about
name a particular policy
Felt that gov. had abandoned them to deal w socialist threat
gov allows labourers to keep unused land they illegally were occupying
What was a concern of the Liberal government for the urban petty bourgeoisie
inflation
post-war unemployment
Why did Industrialists join Fascists
fear left-wing militancy in factories
blame liberals for not taking hard line with workers
in 1921 what % of Italy’s students belonged to PNF
13%
What elements of the PNF were workers attracted to
Radical elements
e.g 8hr working day
What happened to original members as the PNF moved further left
many drop out
especially syndicalists
Who banned all armed organisations
PM Bonomi
In late 1922 how many members did PNF have
300,000
In 1922 Fascists began to eject elected authorities - give an example where
Fiume / Po Delta
Who was the PM who did not react to Fascists ejecting elected authorities
Facta
When did the PSI / left launch a 24hr strike against Fascist brutality
July 1922
What did the PNF seize after the left attempted a general strike in July 1922
Avanti! newspaper offices
When did socialist power peak?
1920 (declined after)
What % did Fascists achieve in 1921 election
7%
What did the radicals within the PNF want
Fascist seizure of power
Why was it easy for Mussolini to reassure key liberal politicians the PNF would act constitutionally
Liberals more concerned w outmanoeuvring one another
Why was Mussolini wary of seizing power
risked conflict with army
who were royal to monarchy
How did Mussolini appeal to the monarchy
made speech stating monarchy and fascism can coexist
