Rise of Fascism

Question 1

What was formed in Feb 1919 under Mussolini

Answer 1

Fasci di Combatimento

Question 2

Who did the Fascia di Combatimento mainly appeal to initially

Answer 2

Trenchocracy

servicemen who fought in war

Question 3

Il Popolo d’Italia changed from a socialist to what type of paper

Answer 3

“paper of combatants and producers”

Question 4

Who did the squadristi mainly consist of

Answer 4

demobilised soldiers

mobilised on army’s elite troops

Question 5

Initially what did the Fascist manifesto demand in terms of the monarchy

Answer 5

Abolition

proclamation of Italian republic

Question 6

What did the Fascist manifesto demand initially for workers

Answer 6

8hr working day and workers to have share of profits

Question 7

What evidence is there that the authorities were more interested in quelling socialist threat than dealing with Fascists

Answer 7

PSI - FdC riots in April 1919

Question 8

What happened after the PSI - FdC riots in April 1919

Answer 8

Government doesn’t prosecute any fascists involved in asasult

Question 9

How many socialists died in PSI-FdC riot (April 1919)

Answer 9

3

Question 10

How many votes did Fascism gain in November 1919 election

Answer 10

5,000 out of 27,000 in Milan

Question 11

What % of the vote did Fascists gain 1919

Answer 11

2%

Question 12

How many seats did Fascists gain 1919

Answer 12

0

Question 13

Why were small farmers attracted to Fascists

Answer 13

feared collectivisation and having to pay higher wages

Question 14

In 1921 what % of Fascist supporters were ex-servicemen

Answer 14

50%

Question 15

In 1921 what % of Fascist supporters were below voting age

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

Who was each squadrismo squad led by

Answer 16

a ras

Question 17

Name an area where the squadrismo launched violent raids / attacks

Answer 17

Tuscany

mainly northern areas

Question 18

How many died in Fascist-socialist clashes in early 1921

Answer 18

207

Question 19

Give examples of socialist organisations the squadristi raided

Answer 19

HQ’s of left-wing papers

80 trade union offices

Question 20

Why did Mussolini appeal to the Squadristi as leader?

Answer 20

• offers funds
• pro-fascist military contracts
• skills as orator
• depicts Fascism as national movement in Il Popolo

Question 21

What did Mussolini do in reaction to poor 1919 election results

Answer 21

move further right

Question 22

what evidence is there for the fascists moving further right after 1919

Answer 22

abandon pledges to abolish excessive war profits

announces movement opposes PSI (but not proletariat)

Question 23

How was the Liberal party divided

Answer 23

By factions that followed prominent politicians

e.g Giolitti, Salandra

Question 24

How many socialist parties were there by 1921

Answer 24

X4

Question 25

When did the Fascists become a political party (PNF)

Answer 25

November 1921

Question 26

What did the PNF publish in November 1921

Answer 26

New Programme

Question 27

What did the New Programme mean? (X5)

Answer 27

Squadristi now under control of Mussolini - not provincial leaders Lowering of farming and business taxes Compulsory military service Opposed to divorce / freemasonry Privatisation of national firms

Question 28

How many seats did the PNF gain in the 1921 election

Answer 28

35

Question 29

What was significant about the 35 deputies from the PNF elected in 1921

Answer 29

all from right-wing of movement

Question 30

What did Mussolini declare in November 1921 about the Church

Answer 30

would agree to settle 'roman question' on terms agreeable to pope

Question 31

What was formed before May 1921 election between Giolitti and Fascists

Answer 31

Giolitti-Mussolini Pact = national black against PSI

Question 32

What did Giolitti see Fascists as

Answer 32

"fireworks" - would create a lot of noise - left behind only dust

Question 33

How many socialist-sympathisers were killed in the lead up to the May 1921 election by squadrismo

Answer 33

100

Question 34

What action from the police did the squadrismo face as they continued violence before 1921 election

Answer 34

None despite Giolitti calling for punishment - many were pro-fascist sympathisers

Question 35

What type of coalition came about from the May 1921 election

Answer 35

Headed by Giolitti coalition with PPI

Question 36

How long did the Giolitti-PPI coalition last for

Answer 36

1month

Question 37

What happened in June 1921 in terms of Italy's PM

Answer 37

Giolitti resigned

Question 38

Why did Mussolini resign

Answer 38

Many fascists oppose signing of Pact of Pacification

Question 39

Who was offered position as head of Fascists - yet declined it

Answer 39

D'Annunzio

Question 40

What did Mussolini decide to do later with the PoP

Answer 40

abandon Fascists pledge to it

Question 41

Name an area that saw large growth of Agrarian Fascism

Answer 41

Po Valley mainly northern / central italy

Question 42

Who merged with PNF in 1923

Answer 42

Nationalists (ANI)

Question 43

When did the ANI merge with the PNF

Answer 43

1923

Question 44

What % of the 1921 vote for Fascists was made of land owners

Answer 44

12%

Question 45

What were land owners furious with the Liberal government about name a particular policy

Answer 45

Felt that gov. had abandoned them to deal w socialist threat gov allows labourers to keep unused land they illegally were occupying

Question 46

What was a concern of the Liberal government for the urban petty bourgeoisie

Answer 46

inflation post-war unemployment

Question 47

Why did Industrialists join Fascists

Answer 47

fear left-wing militancy in factories blame liberals for not taking hard line with workers

Question 48

in 1921 what % of Italy's students belonged to PNF

Answer 48

13%

Question 49

What elements of the PNF were workers attracted to

Answer 49

Radical elements | e.g 8hr working day

Question 50

What happened to original members as the PNF moved further left

Answer 50

many drop out | especially syndicalists

Question 51

Who banned all armed organisations

Answer 51

PM Bonomi

Question 52

In late 1922 how many members did PNF have

Answer 52

300,000

Question 53

In 1922 Fascists began to eject elected authorities - give an example where

Answer 53

Fiume / Po Delta

Question 54

Who was the PM who did not react to Fascists ejecting elected authorities

Answer 54

Facta

Question 55

When did the PSI / left launch a 24hr strike against Fascist brutality

Answer 55

July 1922

Question 56

What did the PNF seize after the left attempted a general strike in July 1922

Answer 56

Avanti! newspaper offices

Question 57

When did socialist power peak?

Answer 57

1920 (declined after)

Question 58

What % did Fascists achieve in 1921 election

Answer 58

7%

Question 59

What did the radicals within the PNF want

Answer 59

Fascist seizure of power

Question 60

Why was it easy for Mussolini to reassure key liberal politicians the PNF would act constitutionally

Answer 60

Liberals more concerned w outmanoeuvring one another

Question 61

Why was Mussolini wary of seizing power

Answer 61

risked conflict with army | who were royal to monarchy

Question 62

How did Mussolini appeal to the monarchy

Answer 62

made speech stating monarchy and fascism can coexist