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Zoology > Support and Protection (Test Two) > Flashcards

Support and Protection (Test Two) Flashcards

1
Q

What is integument?

A

The protective outer covering that includes skin, hair, scales, and feathers.

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2
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of integument?

A
  1. Tough and pliable to provide mechanical protection against abrasion and puncture
  2. Provides moisture proofing against water loss / gain
  3. Effective barrier against bacterial / viral infection
  4. Protects underlying layers from the damaging effects of UV light
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3
Q

Describe the invertebrate integument.

A

Most invertebrates have complex tissue coverings and some secrete a noncellular cuticle over the epidermis.

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4
Q

What is special about the integument of parasitic platyhelminths?

A

They have special tegument that is resistant to immune response of host and to digestive enzymes

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5
Q

What is special about the integument of molluscs?

A

They have a soft epidermis (mantle), which contains mucous glands that secrete their calcium carbonate shell

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6
Q

What is squid skin composed of?

A
  1. Yellow, red, and brown spots called chromatophores
  2. Underneath are bright iridescent cells called iridocytes
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7
Q

What are cephalopod chromatophores?

A

They are small sac-like cells with pigment granules surrounded by muscle cells that can stretch the cell into a pigmented sheet.

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8
Q

How do cephalopods change colors?

A

When the muscles contract the chromatophore expands and allows rapid color changes, and when the muscle relaxes the chromatophore shrinks quickly.

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9
Q

Explain the integument of arthropods.

A
  1. Arthropods have the most complex invertebrate integuments that provide protection and skeletal support
  2. A firm exoskeleton and jointed appendages allow for muscle attachment
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10
Q

Why was integument so important for the diversification of arthropods?

A

Because their unique integument allowed them to survive and become the largest and most varied of all animal groups

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10
Q

Why was integument so important for the diversification of arthropods?

A

Because their unique integument allowed them to survive and become the largest and most varied of all animal groups

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11
Q

What must happen in order for a arthropod to grow?

A

Since the arthropod cuticle is so tough, molting (shedding of cuticle) must occur

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12
Q

How does molting start?

A

Molting starts with epidermal cells dividing

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13
Q

From top down, what is the structure of arthropod integument?

A
  1. On top is the epicuticle
  2. Below the epicuticle is the pro cuticle
  3. Next is the epidermis
  4. Below the epidermis is the basement membrane
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14
Q

What happens to most of the pro cuticle of arthropods during molting?

A

Enzymes secreted by the epidermis digest most of the pro cuticle, which is then absorbed and reused.

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15
Q

How do arthropods get new cuticles?

A
  1. The space below the old cuticle grows a new epicuticle and pro cuticle
  2. After the old cuticle is shed, the new one is thickened and calcified
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16
Q

What is another term for calcified?

A

sclerotized

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17
Q

Explain vertebrate integument.

A
  1. Consists of thin outer epithelial layer called the epidermis, which is derived from the ectoderm
  2. Also consists of inner thicker layer called the dermis, which is derived from the mesoderm
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18
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Several layers of epithelium

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19
Q

How does the epidermis renew cell layers?

A

The basal layer of epidermal cells undergo frequent mitosis so new cells are made and the old cells are displaced upward

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20
Q

Describe the process of keratinization.

A
  1. When the tough fibrous protein keratin accumulates in the cells.
  2. As old cells die, keratin accumulates in all of the cytoplasm of the cells, and they are eventually shed
21
Q

Explain the role of the dermis.

A

The dermis supports, cushions, and nourishes the epidermis

22
Q

What is contained in the dermis? (6 things)

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Collagenous fibers
  3. Nerves
  4. Pigment cells
  5. Fat cells
  6. Connective tissue cells
23
Q

What are Claws, Beaks, Nails, and Horns made of?

A

All are made up of combinations of epidermal and dermal components.

24
Q

Describe the general structure of most horns nails and claws.

A

Consists of a bony core which is covered by a layer of dermis, and then an epidermal layer responsible for continued growth and keratinization.

25
Q

How is over growth prevented?

A

By constant use that leads to wear

26
Q

What is animal coloration used for?

A
  1. Waring coloration
  2. Recognition
  3. Camouflage
  4. Disguise
27
Q

How can integumentary colors be made from surface structures?

A
  1. In insects and fish the colors are reflected by surface tissues that make bright iridescences and metallic hues
  2. In birds, small air-filled spaces or pores in feathers can reflect a portion of the color spectrum
28
Q

How are colors more often made how?

A

By the pigments contained in chromatophores.

29
Q

Describe melanin pigments.

A

The most widespread pigments, and are black and brown polymers responsible for earth-colored shades

30
Q

Describe Carotenoid pigments.

A

They are pigments that show yellow and red colors contained inside xanthophores

31
Q

What are the pigments responsible for the yellow colors in molluscs?

A

Ommochromes and pteridines

32
Q

How is green coloration produced?

A

When yellow pigment overlays blue structural color.

33
Q

Generally describe mammalian coloration.

A

They are relatively uncolorful and most species are colorblind.

34
Q

What is responsible for the dull colors of most mammalian species?

A

Dermal melanophores deposit melanin in the growing hair of mammals.

35
Q

What is an exception to the dull color of most mammals?

A

Baboons and mandrils have brightly colored skin patches since they also have color vision.

36
Q

What is the purpose of skeletons?

A

They provide support, a surface for muscle attachment, and protection of delicate body organs.

37
Q

What are hydrostatic skeletons?

A

Flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure.

38
Q

What are rigid skeletons?

A

Firm skeleton that provides structure for muscle attachment

Example is the endoskeleton and the exoskeleton

39
Q

Why are hydrostatic skeletons so useful?

A
  1. The fluids resist changes in volume, so they are hard to compress
  2. A fluid filled coelom surrounded by muscles can be used to change shape and move around
40
Q

In hydrostatic skeletons which muscles run the length of the body?

A

Longitudinal muscles.

41
Q

In hydrostatic skeletons, which muscles wrap around the circumference of the body wall?

A

Circular muscles

42
Q

How do earthworms move?

A

They move by contracting muscles, which squeezes fluid forward and elongates their stretchy body.

43
Q

What are muscular hydrostats?

A

They are structures without skeletal support that are made of tissues that remain at a constant volume, when one part contracts another expands to fill the space

44
Q

What are some examples of muscular hydrostats?

A
  1. Elephant trunk
  2. Tongues of mammals and reptiles
  3. Tentacles of cephalopods
45
Q

What can muscular hydrostats do?

A

They can bend, twist, and lift heavy objects.

46
Q

Explain the importance of cephalopod papillae.

A

Using their muscular hydrostats called papillae, they can contract some muscles to create extensions in other, which allows them to match their skins texture to their surroundings.

47
Q

What are echinoderm endoskeletons made of?

A

Made of interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines enclosed by the epidermis

48
Q

What is vertebrate endoskeleton made of?

A

Composed of specialized connective tissue like bone and cartilage.

49
Q

What is the function of the endoskeleton?

A
  1. As protection and support
  2. Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
50
Q

What type of muscles act on the bones to move the body?

A

Skeletal muscles.

51
Q

Explain the two divisions of the vertebrate skeleton.

A
  1. Axial Skeleton - includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
  2. Appendicular skeleton - bones of limbs along with pectoral and pelvic girdles

Zoology (22 decks)

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