Animal Body Plans (Test Two)

Question 1

How many Phylum appeared during the Cambrian explosion (the great oxygenation event)?

Answer 1

100 phyla appeared

Question 2

How many major phyla exist today and have body plans that evolved during the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 2

32 major phyla

Question 3

What are the four ways that animal body plans are different?

Answer 3

1. Grade of organization
2. Body Symmetry
3. Number of embryonic germ layers
4. Number and type of body cavities

Question 4

Name the five major grades of organization, in increasing complexity.

Answer 4

1. Protoplasmic
2. Cellular
3. Cell-tissue
4. Tissue-organ
5. Organ-system

Question 5

Describe the Protoplasmic grade of organization.

Answer 5

They perform all basic functions of life within one cell, having organelles with specific functions.

The diversity is in the structures that compose them

Question 6

Describe the Cellular grade of organization. (Think sponges)

Answer 6

Cells are combined into a large group of cells, and demonstrate a division of labor, and perform specialized tasks.

Can’t survive on own

Question 7

Describe the Cell-Tissue grade of organization. (think jellyfish)

Answer 7

Some cells are grouped to perform a common function as a unit (tissue), but many cells are scattered around the body.

Question 8

Describe the Tissue-Organ grade of organization.

Answer 8

groups of tissues are assembled into larger functional units called organs, which have specialized functions.

Example is flatworms

Question 9

Describe the Organ-System of Organization

Answer 9

When several organs work together to perform a common function for the survival of the animal.

Example is phylum arthropoda or phylum chordata

Question 10

What is symmetry?

Answer 10

Symmetry is a balance of proportions and the correspondence of size and shape on parts on both sides of a medial plane.

Question 11

Explain Spherical Symmetry.

Answer 11

Any plane passing through the central point divides the body into mirrored halves.

Example is unicellular (radiolarians )

Question 12

Explain Radial Symmetry.

Answer 12

When the body is divided into similar halves by more than one plane passing through a longitudinal axis (like slicing a pie)

Example enchinodermata

Question 13

Explain Biradial Symmetry.

Answer 13

When most of the organism is radially symmetrical, but has a part that is single or paired rather than radial

Example is ctenophores (sea gooseberry)

Question 14

Explain Bilateral Symmetry.

Answer 14

When an organism is divided into right and left along a sagittal plane into two mirror images.

Question 15

What is associated with Bilateral Symmetry?

Answer 15

Cephalization.

Question 16

What is cephalization?

Answer 16

Cephalization is the concentration of nervous tissues and sensory organs at the anterior of an organism.

Question 17

What is bilateral symmetry best suited for?

Answer 17

Bilateral symmetry is best fitted for forward movement in the environment, and it is also advantageous to an animal moving forward head first.

Question 18

What is Anterior and Posterior?

Answer 18

Anterior is head end.

Posterior is tail end.

Question 19

What is dorsal and ventral?

Answer 19

Dorsal is back (upper) side

Ventral is fron (belly) side

Question 20

What is medial and lateral?

Answer 20

Medial is the midline of the body.

Lateral is the right and left sides

Question 21

What is distal and proximal?

Answer 21

Distal is parts farther form the middle of the body

Proximal is parts nearer to the body

Question 22

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

Answer 22

The frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves

Question 23

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 23

The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left.

Question 24

What is the transverse (cross sectional) plane?

Answer 24

Transverse plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

Question 25

What are the four basic tissue types in all animals?

Answer 25

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Question 26

What is histology?

Answer 26

The study of type of tissues

Question 27

Describe Epithelial tissue.

Answer 27

1. Sheet of cells that cover an internal or external surface of the body
2. It lines all organs, ducts, passageways, and surfaces.

Question 28

Describe connective tissue.

Answer 28

1. Binds things together and provides support.
2. Examples include cartilage, bone, adipose, mesentery, tendons.

Question 29

Describe Muscular tissue.

Answer 29

1. Most abundant tissue in animals
2. Contracts under conscious or unconscious nervous system control
3. Controls the movement of the body or movement of substances in the body

Question 30

Describe nervous tissue.

Answer 30

1. Nervous tissue is specialized to receive stimuli and conduct impulses from one region to another.