Supplements & Vitamins Flashcards
The name of Vitamin B3 is __________.
Niacinamide
Vitamin B3 defiency is known as:
A. Night blindness
B. Pellagra
C. Rickets
D. Pernicious anemia
B. Pellagra
Pellagra is a disease caused by low levels of niacin, also known as vitamin B-3. It’s marked by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis, also known as “the three Ds”. May also cause swelling and redness in the mouth. If left untreated, pellagra can be fatal.
What is an adverse effect of niacin/B3?
Niacin flush
What is the name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
What are the symptoms of a vitamin B1 defiency?
Beriberi - muscle weakness, anorexia, enlarged heart, edema, tingling and burning in the hands and feet
Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome - brain disorder characterized by memory problems and nerve damage.
What are the symptoms of excessive vitamin B1/Thiamin intake?
Rapid pulse, weakness, headaches, stomach upset, insomnia
What is the name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
What are the symptoms of excessive intake of vitamin B2/Riboflavin?
There are none reported at this time due to the body’s rapid use of vitamin B2 and quick excretion of excess in the urine.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B2/Riboflavin deficiency?
Cheilosis of the lips, glossitis of the tongue, oral and pharyngeal edema, peripheral neuropathy, skin rash
What is the name of vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid
What are the symptoms of excessive vitamin B5/Pantothenic acid?
Generally non-toxic but can cause abdominal discomfort or diarrhea.
What is the mechanism of vitamin B5/Pantothenic acid in the body?
Used in fatty acid synthasis and Krebys cycle
What is the mechanism of vitamin B3/Niacin acid in the body?
Used in energy metabolism, to make adrenal gland hormones, and lowers LDL cholesterol and raises HDL
What is the mechanism of vitamin B2/Riboflavin in the body?
Used in processing amino acids and fats. Needed to help activate folate and vitamin B6 metabolism
What is the mechanism of vitamin B15/Thiamin in the body?
Co-enzyme for energy metabolism, used in Krebs cycle, nerve function
B vitamins are water or fat soluble vitamins?
Water
What is the name for vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
What is the mechanism of vitamin B6/Pyridoxine in the body?
Needed to make serotonin, norepinephrine, and myelin. Can lower homocysteine levels
What are the symptoms of excessive B6/Pyridoxine intake?
chronic high doses (1-5 g/day) can cause peripheral neuropathy, weakness and bloating.
What are the symptoms of B6/Pyridoxine deficiency?
Most common in alcoholics with hypothyroidism. Can cause dermatitis, glossitis, depression, anemia
What is the name of Vitamin B7?
Biotin
What are the mechanisms of action of B7/Biotin?
Formed by intestinal bacteria, needed for coenzyme in energy metabolism/Krebs cycle/conversion of sugar to energy
What are the symptoms of excessive B7/Biotin?
None reported but it can cause insomnia, nausea, stomach ache
What are the symptoms of B7/Biotin deficiency?
This is very rare but one can have symptoms of hallucinations, depression, nausea, scaly dermatitis, alopecia
What is the name of vitamin B9?
Folic acid
What is the mechanism of action of vitamin B9/Folic acid?
Needed in amino acid and nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) metabolism, works with vitamin B12 to make RBCs
What are the symptoms of vitamin B9/Folic acid excess?
Stomach problems, seizures, insomnia, and can mask B12 deficiency
What are the symptoms of vitamin B9/Folic acid deficiency?
Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue, depression, abnormal cell division and birth defects
What is the name of vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
What are the symptoms of excessive intake of vitamin B12/cobalamin?
Diarrhea, kidney stones, fatigue
What are the symptoms of a B12/cobalamin deficiency?
Less than 10 mg/day can result in scurvy (bleeding gums, petechiae, easy bruising, decaying and loose teeth, delayed wound healing, impaired immune response
What is the mechanism of action of Calcium in the body?
Nerve transmissions, muscle contraction, blood clotting…
Primary mineral in bone and tooth structure
What are symptoms associated with excessive intake of Calcium?
Hypercalciemia: less than 3 g/day may result in hypercalcemia may lead to soft tissue calcification.
What are the symptoms associated with Calcium deficiency?
Hypocalcemia: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, tetany
What are the symptoms associated with Chloride excessive intake?
Hyperchloremia: not seen with someone with normal circulation/renal function. Can lead to vomiting, increased blood pressure and edema.
What are the mechanisms of action with Chloride?
Primary anion in body fluids, maintains pH balance, formation of gastric juice/hydrochloric acid. Commonly consumed as table salt.
What are the mechanisms of action in the body for Magnesium?
Bone strength, nerve impulse transmission, protein synthesis, constipation, muscle cramps, restless legs, arrhythmias
What are the symptoms of excessive intake of Magnesium?
Can cause diarrhea and possible dehydration.
What are the symptoms of Magnesium deficiency?
Depression, weakness, convulsions, growth failure in children, confusion
What are the mechanisms of action for Phosphorous?
Cell membrane structure (phospholipids), bone and tooth formulation, energy metabolism and pH regulation
What are the symptoms of excess consumption of Phosphorous?
Rare. Can combine with calcium to form mineral deposits in soft tissues (usually seen in patients with kidney disease)
What are the symptoms of Phosphorous deficiency?
Rare. Only with malabsorption disorders and malnutrition - rickets, osteomalacia, anorexia, muscle weakness, decreased oxygen utilization
What are the mechanisms of action in the body of Potassium?
Main cation in intracellular fluid. Fluid balance, electrolyte, pH regulation, nerve and muscle function
What are the symptoms of Potassium deficiency?
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, arrhythmias, fatigue, confusion, muscle cramps
What are the symptoms of excess Potassium consumption?
Hyperkalemia - cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
What are the mechanisms of action in the body of Sodium?
Main cation in extracellular fluid, fluid balance, pH and electrolyte regulation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
What are the symptoms of excess Sodium consumption?
Hypernatremia - high blood pressure, edema in patients with chronic heart failure, cirrhosis or kidney disease
What are the symptoms of Sodium deficiency?
Hyponatremia - not usually seen, excess water intake can lead to dilutional hyponatremia - muscle atrophy, weight loss, cramps, disorientation, severe brain damage
What are the mechanisms of action with Sulfur?
The 3rd most abundant mineral in body tissues. Found in MSMS which assists in joint health and connective tissue such as cartilage, tendons and ligaments
What are the symptoms of excessive Sulfur consumption?
Poor growth and possible liver damage
What are the symptoms of Sulfur deficiency?
Deficiencies are not conclusively identified, but may be a factor in obesity, joint pain and osteoarthritis, muscle weakness
What are the mechanisms of action in the body of Chromium?
Needed for normal use of blood glucose and function of insulin. Important in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Can be supplemented via brewer’s yeast.
What are the symptoms of excessive Chromium intake?
Lung and kidney damage (typically through occupational exposure only). Generally non-toxic.
What are the symptoms of Chromium deficiency?
Widespread due to low intake (poor soil), age, and impaired glucose tolerance/insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia. Mild deficiency manifests as a syndrome X/Metabolic syndrome and cause impaired glucose metabolism.
What are the mechanisms of action in the body with Copper?
Used in iron utilization, hemoglobin formation, lipid metabolism, neurotransmitters
What are the symptoms of excessive copper intake?
Rare, seen in Wilson’s disease. Kayser - Fleisher rings in the eye, muscle weakness, poor coordination, speech difficulties, depression, vomiting, diarrhea
What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?
Seen in malabsorption syndromes or excessive antacid ingestion. Anemia, neutropenia, bone abnormalities, decreased glutathione
What are the mechanisms of action in the body for Fluorine?
Formation of teeth and bones
What are the symptoms of Fluorine excess consumption?
Fluorosis - mottling of teeth, skeletal deformation, nausea/vomiting
What are the symptoms of Fluorine deficiency?
Increased tooth decay, bone development problems
What are the mechanisms of action in the body with Iodine?
Thyroid hormone synthesis, naturally found in seafood and is added to table salt.
What are the signs of excess Iodine?
Intake up to 2 mg/day are safe. Rare to reach toxic levels but high intake can damage the thyroid.
What are the signs of Iodine defiency?
Goiter, hypothyroidism, creinism in infants
What are the mechanisms of action in the body for Iron?
Enzyme cofactor - iron is needed for oxygen transport to cells. It helps form myoglobin and hemoglobin. Iron supplements should be out of reach of kids to prevent poisoning. Supplements need to be taken with vitamin C or an acid.
What are the symptoms of excessive intake of Iron?
Iron overload can be from excess supplementation or hemochromatosis. Ferritin greater than 2000mcg/dL linked to heart disease Iron poisoning can lead to fatigue, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, shortness of breath, liver damage, cardiac failure, death.
What are the symptoms of Iron deficiency?
Anemia, fatigue, heart palpitations, headache, irritability, dysphagia and decreased immune resistance. Iron supplements will increase Hgb and RBCs often within two weeks, replenishing the body’s stores can take 6 months to 1 year.
What are the mechanisms of the body with Manganese?
Enzyme cofactor - brain function, collagen and bone, glucose and lipid metabolism
What are the symptoms of excessive intake of Manganese?
Can be found in the air near industries such as mining, metal processing plants, pesticide producers. Toxi levels can damage the brain. Lack of muscle coordination, mental changes, difficulty breathing or swallowing, possible infertility and birth defects may occur.
What are the symptoms of Manganese deficiency?
Skeletal deformation and inhibits collagen production in wound healing
What are the mechanisms of action in the body in regard to Molybdenum?
Enzyme cofactor - acts as a catalyst to break down some amino acids, metabolism of fats and carbs. Also found in tooth enamel.
What are the symptoms of Molybdenum excess?
Up to 1500 mcg/day is safe. Excess intake can cause uric acid accumulation and gout in areas with high soil molybdenum concentrations.
What are the symptoms of Molybdenum deficiency?
Rare but can cause defects in uric acid production and decreased metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids
What are the mechanisms of action in the body for Selenium?
It’s an antioxidant that offers protection from peroxides and free radicals. Used in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis.
What are the symptoms of excessive intake of Selenium?
Selenosis: fatigue, hair and nail loss, may have a garlic odor to the breath and a metallic taste in the mouth, may also have nausea, skin rashes, diarrhea and mottled teeth
What are the symptoms of Selenium deficiency?
Myalgia, Keshan’s Disease (type of heart disease), pancreatic degeneration, male infertility, Kashin-Beck disease (osteoarthritis)
What are the mechanisms of action of Zinc in the body?
Used in energy metabolism, protein and collagen synthesis, taste and smell, wound healing, immune system function, DNA formation
What are the symptoms of Zinc excess?
Chronic doses of 25 mg/day lead to copper deficiency. Can also cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, low HDL levels
