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Human Geography > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

1
Q

Superpower

A

A nation with military, political, cultural and resource power and the ability to project its influence anywhere in the world.

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2
Q

Peak British empire

A

-1/4 of land, 400m people
-India, Africa, Canada, Australia
-Impacts on democracy, school, language, culture still seen today

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3
Q

Hard power

A

Gained through force or coercion.
Divide & conquer - Creating conflict within a country and empowering a group to give you rule.

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4
Q

Soft power

A

Cultural, economic and political infiltration. eg acculturation by British introducing cricket to India

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5
Q

Sphere of influence

A

An area in which a country has power to affect developments, without formal authority

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6
Q

Belt and road initiative

A

-Maritime silk road and economic belt
-China give infrastructure in return for trade agreements
-Pakistan port, highway and railway giving China a new route of trading oil

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7
Q

Neo-colonial control examples

A

-Terms of trade that favour superpowers
-Developing nation depending on superpower for aid/defence
-Debts & aid with strings attached

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8
Q

Chinese neo-colonialism in Africa

A

-80% of Chinese imports from Africa
-Peacemaker role between north & south Sudan
-Responsible for 12% of Africa’s debt
-China might address pollution by moving industry to Africa

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9
Q

Rostow’s Model / Modernisation theory

A

-Traditional society (agriculture)
-Pre-conditioned for take off (industry, regional trade)
-Take off (manufacture, taxes)
-Drive to maturity (tertiary sector, reliance on trade)
-High mass consumption (interlinked globally)

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10
Q

Core-Periphery theory

A

Only a certain number of countries can be fully developed. Core countries need peripheral nations for raw materials, debt payments, immigrant workers.

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11
Q

Pearl River Delta

A

-Shenzhen, Hong Kong and other megacities
-270m people
-Manufacturing
-Most polluted river in the world

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12
Q

Arctic resources

A

-22% of undiscovered hyrdrocarbons
-International waters
-Desired by Canada, USA, Russia, Norway, Denmark

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13
Q

Tar sands

A

-Canada is biggest oil exporter to USA, 98% from oil sands
-$54bn annually
-Extremely polluting, 50% reduction in caribou

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14
Q

Growing global middle class

A

-By 2030: NA-0.32bn
EU-0.68bn Asia-3.2bn
-China is biggest car market and source of tourism, so big contribution to pollution
-Middle class use more energy, pollute more, consume more
-India will have 60% water scarcity by 2030

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15
Q

Exclusive economic zone

A

Each country has potential rights to ocean extending 200 miles beyond coast, decided by UN.

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16
Q

Tensions in Arctic

A

-Many claim ownership
-Russia flag, claiming nearly half of arctic
-Others denied this claim
-If price of oil increases then exploration will be incentivised

17
Q

Counterfeiting (mainly China)

A

-5 to 10% of global trade is counterfeit goods
-Costs jobs and revenue in west, created instead in Asia
-TNCs less likely to trust and invest in China

18
Q

Increasing power of emerging nations

A

-BRICS account for 45% of global population and 28% of GDP
-By 2030, China, Indonesia, India & Japan will have economies greater than $5 trillion
-By 2025, 440/600 cities with highest GDP will be in emerging countries

19
Q

Characteristics of Middle East

A

-Conflict between Sunni (Saudi) and Shia (Iran)
-65% of oil exports
-Weak democracy & disputed borders
-Shortage of water
-High youth unemployment and low education

20
Q

Zionism

A

Jewish people wanting their own country. Israel taking land from Palestine.

21
Q

Decline in western power

A

-Deprivation in de-industrialised cities
-Spain unemployment 12%
-BREXIT, lack of voting choice in USA
-Ageing populations
-Exhaustion of fossil fuels, energy insecurity in EU
-74% of adult Americans overweight

22
Q

Questioning military spending

A

For:
-Deterrent (UK has 4 nuclear submarines)
-Influence in UN/NATO
Against:
-Could be spent on healthcare etc
-Failure in Afghanistan dented confidence in effectiveness

23
Q

PWC predictions

A

By 2050, E7 could grow twice as fast as G7. Top 5 GDP: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil

Human Geography (3 decks)

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