superficial modalities Flashcards
what is a deep heating modality (up to 5cm)
ultrasound
what is attenuation
decrease in energy intensity due to absorption of energy by tissues
pertaining to ultrasound absorption increased as the ___ increased
frequency
what kind of tissues have a high rate of absorption
tissues high in protein
what absorbs the least ultrasound energy
blood and fat
how mm or nerve have a higher absorption
mm has a higher absorption rate then nerve
what absorbs more ultrasound energy than any of the other tissues
bone
what is the effective radiating area for the ultrasound
the portion that produces the sound wave
what is the amount of effective radiating area for the treatment area
2-3x ERA
what kind of beam nonuniformity ratio is better
average intensity , the lower the better 2:1, 3:1, 1:1
what are the 4 ultrasound setting
duty cycle
frequency
intensity
treatment time
what type of duty cycle shoudl you use for tissue healing and stable fractures (1st 2weeks)
pulsed (on and off cycles) bc it is non thermal
what is the continuous duty cycle for ultrasound
100% on the whole time and has thermal effects
what is the frequency range on a ultrasound
.75 - 3 MHz
what frequency do you use for greater depth for deeper tissues
1 MHz (up to 5 cm)
what frequency is used for shallower depth for superficial tissues for ultra sound
3 MHz (1-3 cm)
higher intensity = ____ tissue heating = __ shorter treatment time for ultrasound
higher and shorter
higher frequency = ____ rate of heating = __ shorter treatment time for ultrasound
faster and shorter
what ultrasound effect and temp increase would u use for acute injury , edema and healing
nonthermal and no temp increase
what ultrasound effect and temp increase would u used for subacute injury hematoma
mild thermal effect and 1°C for temp increase
what ultrasound effect and temp increase would u use for chronic inflammation pain and trigger points
moderate thermal effect and 2° C for temp increased
what ultrasound effect and temp increase would u use for stretch collagen
vigorous effect and 4 °C temp increased
what do you use non thermal pulsed ultrasound for
acute injury , edema , healing
waht is the typical treatment time for ultrasound
5-10 mins
when will there be tissue damage for ultrasound
45° C
what is phonophoresis
delivery of medication using ultrasound
what is monophasic currents used for
stimulate sensory , motor t and pain
what kind of wave is HVPC
paired monophasic
if you need more force for HVPC what do u increased
intensity and frequency
what is the duty cycle for HVPC for these treatment goals
○ NMR:
○ Muscle pump:
○ Reduce atrophy:
○ Strengthening:
○ ROM:
○ NMR: 1:5 🡪 1:3 🡪 1:1 as fatigue tolerates
○ Muscle pump: 1:1
○ Reduce atrophy: 1:5
○ Strengthening: 1:5
○ ROM: 1:1 or 1:5 depending on fatigue, as tolerated
for Reduction of atrophy what HVPC do u do
move thru gravity resisted range , 25% of MVIC , 3x10 reps 2x a day
FOr increasing ROM what HVPC should u do
move thru gravity resisted range
- 90 mins daily
-
what is the use of electrical current to drive ions into the body
iontophoresis
what is a continuous direct current to deliver medicinal agents
iontophoresis
what iontophoresis
● Repels positive ions/attracts negative ions
● Acidic effect
anode (+)
what iontophoresis
● Repels negative ions/attracts positive ions
● Alkaline effect
cathode (-)
the number of ions transferred thru the skin is directly related to what 3 things
○ Duration of treatment
○ Current density
○ Concentration of ions in the solution
what is the intensity , current density , and tine for iontophoresis
intensity - 3-5 mA
current: `.1-.5
time: 10-20 mins
● Analgesia
● Calcium deposits (bone spurs)
● Dermal ulcers
● Edema reduction
● Fungal infections
● Hyperhidrosis
● Muscle spasms
● Musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions- tendonitis
these are all indications for what
iontophoresis
what is Used to measure motor unit action potentials (MUAP) generated by active muscles
biofeedback
biofeedback back Signals are detected, amplified, and converted to audiovisual signals used to reinforce ____ ____ .
voluntary control
what is an Electronic or mechanical instrument used to help patient develop greater voluntary control via relaxation or neuromuscular re-education
biofeedback
what can biofeedback measure
● Skin temperature
● Skin conductance
● Vasoconstriction or pulse via phototransmission
● EMG activity (surface and within muscle)
● Pressure
what is biofeedback used for
● Relaxation of overactive/guarding muscles
● Neuromuscular re-ed of inhibited/weak muscles
● Continence training/pelvic floor
● Coordination
● Relaxation
● Pain
what EMG biofeedback sensitivity should it be from relation training (attempt to reduce feedback to zero)
high
what EMG biofeedback sensitivity should it be for NMR (attempt to increase biofeedback)
low
larger temp difference= ___ energy transfer
smaller temp difference= ___ energy transfer
faster
slower
what is the temperature regulating center of the brain
hypothalamus
what are teh 4 ways heat transmission occurs
● Conduction ● Convection ● Radiation
● Conversion
what is the Transfer of energy (not necessarily heat) to the body without physical contact.
radiation
what are examples of conversion heat transmission
ultrasound and diathermy
what is the fastest to slowed heat transfer
radiation then conversion then convection then conduction
what is increased in general heat application
Cardiac output
Metabolic rate
Pulse rate
Respiratory rate
Vasodilation
what is decreased in general heat application
Blood pressure
Muscle activity (sedentary effect)
Blood flow to internal organs
Blood flow to resting muscle
Stroke volume
what is pains mechanism for decreased physiological response to local heat
Presynaptic inhibition of A delta and C fibers via activation of A beta fibers (_gate theory), disruption of pain-spasm cycle
what phase of healing would u use heat
subacute - chronic
what temp is there a therapeutic response to thermotherapy
40-45°C
how many layers of towels should u do for heat
6-8 layers
when should u do a skin check for a hot pack
at 5 mins
what is the method of hydrotherapy
convection
what will a patient feel as a [hysiologci response for Cyrotherapy
cold
burning
aching
numbness
