Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy II -- Unit 2 -- Zach H. > Superficial Face > Flashcards

Superficial Face Flashcards

1
Q

Which two nerves provide somatosensory innervation for the superficial face?

A

> Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

> Facial Nerve (CN VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which two nerve provide somatomotor innervation to the superficial face?

A

> Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - muscle of mastication

> Facial Nerve (CN VII) - muscles of facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GSE (general somatic efferent)

A

motor to somatic voluntary skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GSA (general somatic afferent)

A

sensory from skin, joints, muscle, nasal, and oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GVE (general visceral efferent)

A

autonomic efferents, motor to smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

GVA (general visceral afferent)

A

sensory to gut, blood vessels, glands and internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SSA (special somatic afferent)

A

special senses - vision, auditory, and vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SVA (special visceral afferent)

A

special senses - taste and smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SVE (special visceral efferent)

A

motor to voluntary skeletal muscles derived from branchial arches (CN V, VII, IX, X, XI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which nerves supply sensory innervation to the superficial face and scalp?

A 
> greater occipital nerve (C2) 
> lesser occipital nerve (C2) 
> greater auricular nerve (C2-C3) 
> trigeminal nerve (CN V) - GSA
> Facial nerve (CN VII) - GSA (only skin of outer ear)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What dorsal rami does the greater occipital nerve arise from?

A

dorsal rami of C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What specific area does the greater occipital nerve (C2) provide sensory innervation to?

A

Innervates scalp on back of head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

From below what landmark does the greater occipital nerve emerge?

A

Emerges from below suboccipital triangle.

below obliquus capitis inferior muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What ventral rami does the lesser occipital nerve arise?

A

ventral rami of C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What specific area does the lesser occipital nerve (C2) provide sensory innervation to?

A

Innervates scalp on lateral area of head, posterior to ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the scalp on back of the head?

A

greater occipital nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the scalp on lateral area of head, posterior to the ear?

A

lesser occipital nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What ventral rami and dorsal rami does the greater auricular nerve arise?

A

Ventral rami of C2 and dorsal rami of C3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What specific area does the greater auricular nerve (C2,C3) provide sensory innervation to?

A

Innervates skin over parotid gland and mastoid process along with both surfaces of outer ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin over parotid gland and mastoid process along with both surfaces of the outer ear?

A

greater auricular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to only the skin of the outer ear?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What specific area does the three branches of the trigeminal nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

Innervates skin on all of face, forehead, temporal region, oral cavity, skin of outer ear, and external auditory meatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is CN V1?

A

ophthalmic n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is CN V2?

A

maxillary n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which branch of the mandibular nerve is CN V3?

A

mandibular n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which two nerve for sensory innervation are general somatic afferent?

A

> trigeminal nerve (CN V)

> facial nerve (CN VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve branch, V1 - ophthalmic nerve, exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure (SRO-stand room only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve branch, V2 - maxillary nerve, exit the skull?

A

foramen rotundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve branch, V3 - mandibular nerve, exit the skull?

A

foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the major branches of the V1 - ophthalmic nerve?

A 
> frontal n. 
  - supraorbital n. 
  - supratrochlear n. 
> lacrimal n. 
> nasociliary n. 
  - infratrochlear n. 
  - external nasal n. (from anterior ethmoidal n.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where does the supraorbital nerve, a branch off of the frontal nerve, exit the skull?

A

supraorbital foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What specific area does the supraorbital nerve, a branch off of the fontal nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin of lateral forehead and anterior scalp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What specific area does the supratrochlear nerve, a branch off of the frontal nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin on medial forehead.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What specific structure does the lacrimal nerve, a branch off of the V1 - ophthalmic nerve, innervate?

A

Innervates lacrimal gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What specific area does the infratrochlear nerve, a branch off of the nasociliary nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin lateral to root of nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What specific area does the external nasal nerve, a branch from the anterior ethmoidal nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin of nasal ala, vestibule, and dorsum of nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the major branches off of the V2 - maxillary nerve that provide sensory innervation?

A
  • infraorbital nerve
  • zygomaticofacial nerve
  • zygomaticotemporal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where does the infraorbital nerve, a branch off of the V2 - maxillary nerve, exit the skull?

A

infraorbital foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What specific area does the infraorbital nerve, a branch off of the V2 - maxillary nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

> maxillary sinus

> skin of cheek, lateral nose, superior lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What specific area does the zygomaticofacial nerve, a branch off of the zygomatic nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin on prominence of cheek.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What specific area does the zygomaticotemporal nerve, a branch off of the zygomatic nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Anterior part of temporal fossa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior part of the temporal fossa?

A

zygomaticotemporal nerve

V2 - maxillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the prominence of the cheeks?

A

zygomaticofacial nerve

V2 - maxillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the maxillary sinus and the skin of the cheek, lateral nose, and superior lip?

A

infraorbital nerve

V2 - maxillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the nasal ala, vestibule, and dorsum of nose?

A

external nasal nerve (from anterior ethmoidal nerve)

V1 - ophthalmic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin lateral to the root of the nose?

A

infratrochlear nerve

V1 - ophthalmic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial forehead?

A

supratrochlear nerve

V1 - ophthalmic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen and provides sensory innervation to the skin of lateral forehead and the anterior scalp?

A

supraorbital nerve

V1 - ophthalmic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

lacrimal nerve

V1 - ophthalmic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the 3 major branches off of the V3 - mandibular nerve that provide sensory innervation?

A
  • auriculotemporal nerve
  • buccal nerve
  • mental nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What specific area does the mental nerve, a branch off of the V3 - mandibular nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin of the chin and inferior lip.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Through which foramen does the mental nerve pass through?

A

mental foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the chin and inferior lip?

A

mental nerve

V3 - mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin and oral mucosa of the cheek and gums?

A

buccal nerve

V3 - mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What specific area does the buccal nerve, a branch off of the V3 - mandibular nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin and oral mucosa of cheek and gums.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What specific area does the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch off of the V3 - mandibular nerve, provide sensory innervation to?

A

Skin posterior 2/3 of temporal region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin posterior 2/3 of the temporal region?

A

auriculotemporal nerve

V3 - mandibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the four muscles of mastication?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What nerve provides all motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?

A

CN V3 (mandibular branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which part of the face is the most expressive?

A

mouth

61
Q

What nerve provides motor innervation to all muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

62
Q

What is the action of the buccinator muscle?

A
  • compresses cheek

- holds food between teeth during chewing

63
Q

What is the action of the depressor anguli oris muscle?

A
  • draws corners of mouth inferiorly and laterally

* *(“frown” muscle)**

64
Q

What is the action of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?

A
  • draws lower lip inferiorly
65
Q

What is the action of the levator anguli oris muscle?

A
  • draws corners of mouth superiorly and laterally

* *(“smile” muscle)**

66
Q

What is the action of the mentalis muscle?

A
  • protrudes lower lip (“pout”)

- wrinkles chin

67
Q

What is the action of the levator labii superioris muscle?

A
  • opens lips

- raises and furrows the upper lip (“Elvis” lip snarl)

68
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oris muscle?

A
  • compresses and purses lips (“kiss” muscle)
69
Q

What is the action of the risorius muscle?

A
  • draws corner of lip laterally
  • tenses lips
  • synergist of zygomaticus
70
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus major muscle?

A
  • elevates corner of the mouth (“smile” muscle)
71
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus minor muscle?

A
  • elevates corner of the mouth (“smile” muscle)
72
Q

Which three muscles of facial expression are the “smile” muscles?

A
  • levator anguli oris
  • zygomaticus major
  • zygomaticus minor
73
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A
  • blink/close eyes
74
Q

What is the action of the platysma muscle?

A
  • tense skin of neck
75
Q

What is the action of the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle?

A
  • wrinkle forehead

- raise eyebrows

76
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A

> posterior auricular n.

  • temporal branch
  • zygomatic branch
  • buccal branch
  • mandibular branch
  • cervical branch

The Zebra Bit My Cheek

77
Q

Where does the branches of the facial nerve exit the skull through?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

78
Q

Mandibular branch of Facial nerve (motor innervation).

A

NOT the same as mandibular n. (which is CN V3)

sensory innervation

79
Q

Buccal branch of Facial nerve (motor innervation).

A

NOT the same as Buccal nerve (which is branch of CN V3).

sensory innervation

80
Q

Besides providing motor innervation to muscles of facial expression (GSA), what other functions does the Facial nerve (CN VII) have?

A

> GSA - sensory to skin of outer ear
SVA - sense of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
GVE - parasympathetics (lacrimal gland, submandibular/sublingual salivary glands, and mucous membrane of nasal cavity
GVA - sensory innervation to nasopharynx

81
Q

Which main artery does the 8 branches in total that supply the superficial face and scalp come off of?

A

External Carotid Arteries

82
Q

What are the arterial supply branches that come off of the external carotid artery and supply the superficial face and scalp?

A
  • facial a.
  • occipital a.
  • posterior auricular a.
  • maxillary a.
  • superficial temporal a.
83
Q

What is the facial artery a major arterial supply for?

A

> Major arterial supply to the face.

> Supplies most of the muscles of facial expression.

84
Q

What are the branches that arise off of the facial artery?

A
  • inferior labial
  • superior labial
  • lateral nasal
  • angular
85
Q

What artery supplies most of the muscles of facial expression?

A

facial artery

86
Q

What specific area does the occipital artery supply?

A

scalp of the back of the head

87
Q

What artery supplies blood to the scalp of the back of the head?

A

occipital artery

88
Q

What specific area does the posterior auricular artery supply?

A

auricle of ear and scalp posterior to auricle

89
Q

What artery supplies blood to the auricle of the ear and to the scalp posterior to the auricle?

A

posterior auricular artery

90
Q

What is the only superficial branch off of the maxillary artery that runs with the mental nerve to the chin?

A

mental artery

91
Q

True of False:

Most branches off of the maxillary artery run superficial?

A

False - most branches run deep, except for the mental branch.

92
Q

What specific area does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

facial muscles and skin in temporal region

93
Q

What artery supplies the facial muscles and skin in the temporal region?

A

superficial temporal artery

94
Q

What are the two superficial branches off of the internal carotid artery that also supply the superficial face and scalp?

A
  • supraorbital artery

- supratrochlear artery

95
Q

What specific area does the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries supply?

A

Both supply muscles and skin of forehead and anterior scalp.

96
Q

Which two arteries, from the internal carotid artery) supply muscles and skin of the forehead and anterior scalp?

A
  • supraorbital a.

- supratrochlear a.

97
Q

What is the venous drainage of the superficial face and scalp?

A

Venous drainage via external jugular veins.

98
Q

Which salivary gland is the largest?

A

Parotid gland

99
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

Located laterally in the face, just anterior to the ear.

100
Q

Via what nerve does the parotid gland receive sensory innervation from?

A

great auricular nerve

101
Q

Where does the parotid gland receive parasympathetic innervation from?

A

Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX) via posterior auricular n. - GVE

102
Q

What does the parotid gland do?

A

Parotid duct delivers saliva to oral cavity just lateral to 2nd upper molar teeth.

103
Q

Which bones make up the roof of the orbit?

A
  • lesser wing of sphenoid bone
  • greater wing of sphenoid bone
  • orbital surface of zygomatic bone
104
Q

Which bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A
  • inferior extension of frontal bone
  • greater wing of sphenoid bone
  • orbital surface of zygomatic bone
105
Q

Which bones make up the medial wall of the orbit?

A
  • sphenoid body
  • orbital plate of ethmoid bone
  • frontal process of maxilla
  • lacrimal bone
106
Q

Which bones make up the floor of the orbit?

A
  • orbital process of palatine bone
  • orbital surface of maxillary bone
  • zygomatic bone
107
Q

For the vasculature of the orbit and eyeball, where does most of the arterial supply come from?

A

Mainly the ophthalmic artery (from internal carotid a.)

108
Q

What is the ophthalmic artery a branch off of?

A

internal carotid artery

109
Q

What is the venous drainage of the orbit and eyeball via?

A

Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic Veins

110
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball?

A 
>Fibrous layer (outer)
  -Sclera = opaque outer covering 
  - Cornea = transparent part of sclera 
> Vascular layer (middle)
  - Choroid = between sclera and retina; very vascular
  - Ciliary body = muscular, controls thickness of lens; secretes aqueous humor
  - Iris 
> Inner layer 
  - Retina ( visual and nonvisual parts)
111
Q

What part of the eye secretes aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body

112
Q

Which layer of the eyeball is located between the sclera and retina, and is very vascular?

A

Choroid

113
Q

What is the anterior chamber of the eyeball located between?

A

Between cornea and iris/pupil.

114
Q

What is the posterior chamber of the eyeball located between?

A

Between iris/pupil and lens.

115
Q

Which nerves provide motor innervation to the extrinsic eye muscles?

A

> General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

  • occulomotor n. (CN III)
  • Trochlear n. (CN IV)
  • Abducens n. (CN VI)
116
Q

What nerves provide autonomic innervation to the eye?

A

> Autonomics (General Visceral Efferent - GVE)

  • Parasympathetic from occulomotor n.
    • pupillary sphincter m. and ciliary m.
  • parasympathetic from facial n.
    • lacrimal gland (via greater petrosal n.)
117
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the eye?

A

> Sensory from CN V1 (General Somatic Afferent - GSA)

118
Q

What nerve provides vision from the eye?

A

Optic n. (CN I) (Special Somatic Afferent - SSA)

119
Q

What are the 4 rectus muscles of the eye?

A
  • medial rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • superior rectus
120
Q

What are the 2 oblique muscles of the eye?

A
  • inferior oblique

- superior oblique

121
Q

What is the action and innervation of the medial rectus muscle?

A

Action - moves eyeball medially (adducts eye)

Innervation - CN III (occulomotor nerve)

122
Q

What is the action and innervation of the lateral rectus muscle?

A

Action - moves eyeball laterally (abducts eye)

Innervation - CN VI (abducens nerve)

123
Q

What is the action and innervation of the inferior rectus muscle?

A

Action - moves eyeball inferiorly (depresses eye) and medially (adducts eye)
Innervation - CN III (occulomotor nerve)

124
Q

What is the action and innervation of the superior rectus muscle?

A

Action - moves eyeball superiorly (elevates eye) and medially (adducts eye)
Innervation - CN III (occulomotor nerve)

125
Q

What is the action and innervation of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Action - moves eyeball superiorly (elevates eye) and laterally (abducts eye)
Innervation - CN III (occulomotor nerve)

126
Q

What is the action and innervation of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Action - moves eyeball inferiorly (depresses eye) and laterally (abducts eye)
Innervation - CN IV (trochlear nerve)

127
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic eye muscles that are innervated by CN III (occulomotor nerve)?

A
  • medial rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • superior rectus
  • inferior oblique
128
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by CN VI (abducens nerve)?

A

lateral rectus

129
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by CN IV (trochlear nerve)?

A

superior oblique

130
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscles medially rotate (adduct) the eye?

A
  • medial rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • superior rectus
131
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscles laterally rotate (abduct) the eye?

A
  • lateral rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • superior oblique
132
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscle only medially rotates (adducts) the eye?

A

medial rectus

133
Q

Which extrinsic eye muscle only laterally rotates (abducts) the eye?

A

lateral rectus

134
Q

Which two extrinsic eye muscles inferiorly rotate (depress) the eye?

A
  • inferior rectus

- superior rectus

135
Q

Which two extrinsic eye muscles superiorly rotate (elevate) the eye?

A
  • superior rectus

- inferior oblique

136
Q

What is the action and innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Action - elevates superior eyelid

Innervation - CN III (occulomotor nerve)

137
Q

Which muscle elevates the superior eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

138
Q

What does the iris do?

A

The iris is pigmented (gives each person their distinct eye color) and is capable of constricting to control how much light enters the pupil.

139
Q

What does the dilator pupillae do to the iris?

A
  • dilates

- under sympathetic control

140
Q

What does the sphincter pupillae do to the iris?

A
  • constricts

- under parasympathetic control

141
Q

Which muscle dilates the pupil?

A

dilator pupillae

142
Q

Which muscle constricts the pupil?

A

sphincter pupillae

143
Q

Is dilation of the pupil under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

A

sympathetic control

144
Q

Is constriction of the pupil under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

A

parasympathetic control

145
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibers travel to?

A

Sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary body.

146
Q

In accommodation, to view near objects, what happens?

A

Parasympathetics are activated to contract ciliary muscle.

Ciliary m. relaxed -> tension on suspensory ligaments -> lens stretched out for far vision

147
Q

In accommodation, to view far objects, what happens?

A

Parasympathetics are simply removed, allowing the ciliary to relax; no sympathetics involved.

Ciliary m. contracts -> suspensory ligaments relaxed -> lens becomes fatter for near vision

148
Q

Is sympathetic innervation involved in accommodation to view near or far objects?

A

No - only parasympathetics.

Human Anatomy II -- Unit 2 -- Zach H. (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions