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Human Anatomy II -- Unit 2 -- Zach H. > Female and Male Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Female and Male Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which two arteries supply the penis?

A
  • dorsal artery of penis

- deep artery of penis

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2
Q

Where do the dorsal artery of penis and deep artery of penis branch from?

A

internal pudendal artery

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3
Q

Which two arteries supply the scrotum?

A
  • anterior scrotal artery

- posterior scrotal artery

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4
Q

How does the posterior and anterior scrotal artery differ?

A

> external pudendal artery turns into anterior scrotal artery, which branches off of the femoral artery

> posterior scrotal artery branches from the internal pudendal artery

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5
Q

What are the regions traversed by the pudendal nerve?

A
  • pelvis
  • gluteal region
  • pudendal canal
  • deep perineal pouch
  • dorsum of penis
  • superficial perineum (superficial compartment, ischio-anal fossae)
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6
Q

What anterior rami makes up the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4 anterior rami of sacral plexus

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7
Q

Which pudendal nerve branches do we need to know?

A 
> deep perineal nerve 
> superficial perineal nerve 
> dorsal nerve of clitoris 
> perineal nerve 
> pudendal nerve
> inferior anal (rectal) nerve
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8
Q

Look over slide 9

A

Nerves of the Pelvis: Sympathetics

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9
Q

Are nerves of the pelvis all autonomics and afferents?

A

Yes

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10
Q

List the nerves of the pelvis?

A

> superior hypogastric plexus

> hypogastric nerves

> inferior hypogastric plexus

> pelvic splanchnics

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11
Q

Are the pelvic splanchnics parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetics (S2-S4)

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the inferior hypogastric nerves?

A
  • made up of pelvic plexus(es)
  • rectal, prostatic, vesical, uterovaginal, etc.
  • sympathetics, parasympathetics, afferents
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13
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • muscular tube located between the bladder and the rectum and inferior to the uterus
  • about 8 cm long
  • opens through the perineal membrane into the vestibule
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14
Q

What muscle is the vagina supported by?

A

The pubovaginalis part of the levator ani muscle.

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15
Q

Other than the pubovaginalis part of the levator ani, what else supports the vagina?

A

Supported by the perineal membrane.

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16
Q

Where does the female urethra begin?

A

At the internal urethral orifice of the bladder.

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17
Q

What does the female urethra pass through?

A

External urethral sphincter, perineal membrane then through the perineum and vestibule.

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18
Q

What structures is the vagina located between?

A

bladder and rectum

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19
Q

What does the superior part of the vagina surround?

A

cervix of the uterus

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20
Q

What is culdoscopy used for?

A

To examine the uterine tubes or ovaries.

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21
Q

What is used to examine the uterine tubes of ovaries?

A

Culdoscopy

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22
Q

What is culdocentesis used for?

A

To aspirate fluid from the rectouterine pouch.

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23
Q

What technique is used to aspirate fluid from the rectouterine pouch?

A

Culdocentesis

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24
Q

Does the ureter pass inferior or superior to the uterine artery along the lateral sides of the uterus?

A

inferior to the uterine artery

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25
Q

What artery supplies the vagina?

A

vaginal artery

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26
Q

What artery supplies the ovary?

A

ovarian artery

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27
Q

What artery supplies the uterus?

A

uterine artery

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28
Q

What does the ovarian arteries arise from?

A

abdominal aorta

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29
Q

What does the ovarian veins drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

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30
Q

Where does the uterine arteries arise from?

A

internal iliac arteries

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31
Q

Where does the uterine veins drain into?

A

internal iliac veins

32
Q

Where does the vaginal arteries arise from?

A

internal iliac arteries

33
Q

Where does the vaginal veins drain into?

A

internal iliac veins

34
Q

Where do uterine arteries enter the uterus at?

A

Enter the sides of the uterus through the broad ligament.

35
Q

What do uterine artery branches ascend and descend to anastomose with?

A

Branches ascend and descend to anastomose with the vaginal arteries and the ovarian arteries.

36
Q

What are the lymphatic drainage of female internal genital organs?

A

> Superior
- internal and external iliac nodes

> Middle
- internal iliac nodes

> Inferior
- sacral and common iliac nodes

37
Q

What are the characteristics of the uterus?

A
  • pear-shaped
  • hollow
  • muscular
  • mobile
38
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • perimetrium
39
Q

What transports the ovum to the uterus (about 10 cm)?

A

uterine tubes

40
Q

What are the distal ends of the uterine tubes open to?

A

The Peritoneum

41
Q

True or False:

The fundus of the uterus is normally anteverted and anteflexed.

A

True

42
Q

True or False:

The axis of the uterus is angled anteriorly (relative to the vagina) and the top of the fundus “flexes” anteriorly over the bladder.

A

True

43
Q

What can push the uterus inferiorly?

A

if the uterus is not anteverted and antiflexed, increased intra-abdominal pressure can push the uterus inferiorly

44
Q

What can contribute to the prolapse of the uterus?

A

If the uterus is not anteverted and antiflexed, increased intra-abdominal pressure can push the uterus inferiorly - contributing to prolapse of the uterus.

45
Q

What is the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Broad ligament of the uterus is a double layer of peritoneum that “drapes” over the uterus and associated structures.

46
Q

List the uterine ligaments.

A
  • round ligament of the uterus
  • suspensory ligament of the ovary
  • ovarian ligament
  • broad ligament
  • transverse cervical ligaments
  • sacrouterine ligaments
47
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A peritoneal fold that attaches the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to the pelvis.

48
Q

True or False:

The broad ligament also encloses the roundligament of the uterus as it extends from the anterior-lateral part of the uterus to the deep inguinal ring.

A

True

49
Q

What is the transverse cervical ligaments?

A

Condensations of endopelvic fascia that support the uterus.

50
Q

What do the transverse cervical ligaments attach to?

A

The lateral sides of the uterus and vagina.

51
Q

What ligaments attach to the lateral sides of the uterus and vagina?

A

Transverse cervical ligaments.

52
Q

What are uterosacral ligaments condensations of?

A

Endopelvic fascia that extend from the sides of the cervix to the sacrum.

53
Q

Which ligaments extend from the sides of the cervix to the sacrum?

A

Uterosacral ligaments, which are condensations of endopelvic fascia.

54
Q

True or False:

While the ligaments help to support the uterus, the levator ani muscle and the perineal body are extremely important in preventing prolapse of pelvic structures.

A

True

55
Q

What structures are extremely important in preventing the prolapse of pelvic structures?

A

While the ligaments help to support the uterus, the levator ani muscle and the perineal body are extremely important in preventing prolapse of pelvic structures.

56
Q

What are ovaries located near?

A

The attachment of the broad ligament to the lateral pelvic wall.

57
Q

What are the ovaries suspended from the lateral pelvic wall by?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary - which contains ovarian arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics.

58
Q

What does the suspensory ligament of the ovary do?

A

The suspensory ligament of the ovary, which contains the ovarian arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics, suspends the ovaries from the lateral pelvic wall.

59
Q

What is the inferior part of the vagina innervated by?

A

Innervated by somatic branches from the internal pudendal nerve.

60
Q

What is the middle and superior parts of the vagina and the uterus innervated by?

A

Innervated by visceral nn.:
> uterovaginal plexus (part of the pelvic plexus)

> sympathetics from lumbar splanchnics

> parasympathetics from pelvic splanchnics S2, S3, S4 (motor to the uterus and vagina)

61
Q

In-between which vertebra is anesthetic agent injected into the subarachnoid space?

A

L3-L4

62
Q

What happens when anesthetic agent is injected into the subarachnoid space between L3 and L4?

A

Produces complete anesthesia below the waist - thus, uterine contractions cannot be felt.

63
Q

Does peripheral nerve blocks allow sensation of uterine contractions?

A

Yes - allows sensation of uterine contractions.

64
Q

What does the pudendal block, block?

A

Blocks S2, S3, and S4 dermatomes and the inferior part of the vagina.

65
Q

What kind of block blocks S2, S3, and S4 dermatomes and the inferior part of the vagina?

A

pudendal block

66
Q

What is the landmark for a physician for a pudendal block?

A

sacrospinous ligament is the landmark

67
Q

What kind of block must also be performed to abolish sensation in the anterior vulva?

A

ilioinguinal block

68
Q

True or False:

During peripheral nerve blocks, the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (perineal branches) may also need to be anesthetized.

A

True

69
Q

What are the 4 parts of the male urethra, starting from the bladder?

A
  1. intramural part
  2. prostatic urethra
  3. membranous urethra
  4. spongy urethra
70
Q

Is Dartos fascia or Bucks fascia most anterior?

A

Dartos fascia (superficial fascia of the penis)

71
Q

What does the bulbourethral glands open into?

A

open into spongy urethra

72
Q

What do the secretions of the bulbourethral glands do?

A

Mucus-like secretions that lubricate the urethra.

73
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A
  • superior to perineal membrane

- embedded within sphincter urethrae (external urethral sphincter)

74
Q

Look over and identify the male urethra.

A
  • urethral crest
  • urethral sinus
  • seminal colliculus
  • prostatic utricle
75
Q

Which lymphatic nodes does the prostate drain into?

A

primarily to internal iliac nodes

76
Q

Which lymphatic nodes does the bladder drain into?

A

primarily external iliac nodes

77
Q

Which lymphatic nodes does the perineal structures drain into?

A

primarily to superficial inguinal nodes

Human Anatomy II -- Unit 2 -- Zach H. (9 decks)

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