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Human Anatomy II -- Unit 2 -- Zach H. > Cranium, Scalp, and Meninges with an Introduction to Brain Arterial Supply (part 1) > Flashcards

Cranium, Scalp, and Meninges with an Introduction to Brain Arterial Supply (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the bony cranium provide to the brain?

A

rigid support

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2
Q

What do meninges, which surround and partition portions of the brain, provide?

A

Protection - meninges are connective tissue membranes.

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3
Q

What acts as a cushioning fluid to the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A

To prevent entry of harmful material from the bloodstream into the brain.

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5
Q

What bones make up the neurocranium?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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6
Q

What bones make up the viscerocranium?

A
  • lacrimal
  • vomer
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic
  • nasal
  • mandible
  • inferior concha
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7
Q

What bones make up the cranium?

A
  • frontal
  • temporal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • mandible
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8
Q

Which 3 fossa(e) are found in the skull?

A
  • anterior fossa
  • middle fossa
  • posterior fossa
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9
Q

Which bones make up the internal cranial base?

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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10
Q

What are the layers of the scalp starting superficially?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

SCALP is mneumonic

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11
Q

What are the layers of the epicranial aponeurosis starting superficially?

A
  • Epicranial aponeurosis
  • Loose areolar tissue
  • Pericranium
  • Diploe of parietal bone (bone)
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
  • Cerebral cortex
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12
Q

What are the two layers of the temporalis fascia?

A
  • superficial layer
  • deep layer

also referred to as fat pad - overlies temporalis muscle

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13
Q

What are the cranial meninges?

A

> 3 dense regular connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium.

> Enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain.

> Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

> parts of the cranial meninges form some ofthe veins that drain blood from the brain.

> From superficial to deep, cranial meninges are dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.

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14
Q

Which layer of the cranial meninges is the strongest?

A

Dura Mater

is a tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A
  • Periosteal layer -> more superficial layer, attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones.
  • Meningeal layer -> lies deep to the periosteal layer. Usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called dural venous sinuses.
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16
Q

The meningeal layer (deep layer) of the dura mater is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where what is?

A

Where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called dural venous sinuses.

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17
Q

What is the arachnoid layer also referred to as?

A
  • arachnoid mater

- arachnoid membrane

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18
Q

True or False:

The arachnoid mater lies immediately internal to the dura mater.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the arachnoid mater partially composed of?

A

Partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, termed the arachnoid trabeculae.

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20
Q

What space is found between the overlying dura mater and the underlying arachnoid mater?

A

subdural space

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21
Q

What space is immediately deep to the arachnoid mater?

A

subarachnoid space

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22
Q

Which cranial meninge is the innermost layer?

A

pia mater

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23
Q

What is the pia mater composed of and what does it tightly adhere to?

A

Thin layer of delicate connective tissue that tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface.

24
Q

True of False:

The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called cranial dural septa.

A

True

25
Q

What are the four membranous partitions that separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain?

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • falx cerebelli
  • diaphragma sellae
26
Q

What is found in the 4 cranial dural septa?

A

Dural venous sinuses:

  • superior sagittal sinus
  • inferior sagittal sinus
  • straight sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • transverse sinus
27
Q

What cranial nerves are found/associated with/in the cavernous sinus?

A 
> Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
    - Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
    - Maxillary nerve (CN V2) 
    - Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
> Abducent nerve (CN VI)
> Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
> Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
28
Q

What artery passes through the carvernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery (ICA)

29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the internal carotid artery?

A
  • cervical
  • petrous
  • cavernous
  • cerebral
30
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the meninges?

A
  • frontal (anterior) branch of middle meningeal artery

- parietal (posterior) branch of middle meningeal artery

31
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery, which lets off branches to supply the cranial meninges, a branch off of?

A

External carotid artery.

32
Q

After the middle meningeal artery comes off of the external carotid artery, which foramen does it travel through before it branches into the frontal (anterior) branch and the parietal (posterior) branch to supply the cranial meninges?

A

Foramen Spinosum

33
Q

Which major nerves let off branches to innervate the cranial meninges?

A
  • ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
    > anterior meningeal branches of ethmoid nerve
    > tentorial nerve (recurrent meningeal branch of ophthalmic nerve)
  • maxillary nerve (CN V2)
    > meningeal branch of maxillary nerve
  • mandibular nerve (CN V3)
    > meningeal branches of mandibular nerve (including nervus spinosus)
  • cervical spinal nerves (C2, C3)
    > C2, C3 fibers distributed by CN XII
    > C2 fibers distributed by CN X
34
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

> Bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it.

> Performs several important functions:

- buoyancy 
- protection 
- environmental stability
35
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

A clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space.

36
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid formed by in each ventricle?

A

choroid plexus

37
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid produced by?

A

Secretion of a fluid from the ependymal cells that originate from the blood plasma.

38
Q

How does cerebrospinal fluid differ from blood plasma?

A

Is similar to blood plasma but has greater amounts of sodium, hydrogen, and calcium, but less potassium and calcium.

39
Q

What are brain ventricles?

A

> Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube.

> Continuous with on another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord.

40
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A

4 ventricles

41
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

Within the pons and cerebellum.

42
Q

Where are the four ventricles of the brain located?

A

> Two lateral entricles are in the cerebrum ,separated by a thin medial partition called the septum pellucidum.
within the diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the third ventricle.
- each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through an opening called the interventricular foramen.

> Fourth ventricle is located within the pons and cerebellum.

43
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

By the choroid plexus in the ventricles.

44
Q

How does CSF flow from the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle?

A

Through mesencephalic aquaduct.

45
Q

As CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, what does it remove and provide for the brain?

A

CSF removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain.

46
Q

Where does excess CSF flow into?

A

arachnoid villi

47
Q

Once excess CSF flows into the arachnoid villi, where does it drain into?

A

Drains into the dural venous sinuses.

48
Q

True of False:

Pressure allows the CSF to be released into the blood without permitting any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space. The greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space assures that CSF moves in the venous sinuses.

A

True

49
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

water on the brain

50
Q

What is hydrocephalus caused by?

A

Typically from an obstruction in CSF flow that restricts its reabsorption in the venous bloodstream.

51
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

> Treated by inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt that drains to the abdominal cavity…..

> Or a vetriculostomy (ETV) that creates a hole in the floor of the third ventricle that drains into the subarachnoid space.

52
Q

What protects the brain from general circulation of blood?

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

53
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do and prevent?

A

> Strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain.

  • tight junctions prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary wall.
  • astrocytes act as “gatekeepers” that permit materials to pass to the neurons after leaving he capillaries.

> Prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, hormones) that could adversely affect brain function.

54
Q

In which three locations in the CNS is the blood-brain barrier markedly reduced or missing?

A
  • choroid plexus
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
55
Q

Look over the arterial supply to the brain!!

A

Draw out the Circle of Willis and understand which portions of the brain each artery supplies.

Human Anatomy II -- Unit 2 -- Zach H. (9 decks)

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