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Clinical Anatomy > Superficial Back > Flashcards

Superficial Back Flashcards

1
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

Midline bony prominence in the occipital bone.
Same level as superficial nuchal line.

Attachments:

1) Nuchal ligament
2) Trapezius muscle

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2
Q

Mastoid process

A

Pyramidal bony projection from the posterior section of the temporal bone.

4 attachments (all neck muscles):

1) SCM
2) Splenius capitus
3) Posterior belly of digastric muscle
4) Longissimus capitis

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3
Q

Superior nuchal line

A

Marks superior limit of neck.
Upper ridge.
Extends on either side of EOP.

Attachments:

1) Trapezius
2) Transversospinalis (splenius, erector spinae, transversospinalis)

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4
Q

Spinous processes of vertebrae

A

Median posterior projections of spine

  • absent C1
  • C3-C5 = bifid
  • C7 = vertebra prominence
  • Long + sloping T-spine
  • Hatchet-shaped in L-spine
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5
Q

Iliac crest

A

Superior edge of ilium

*Landmark for L4

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6
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade

*Inferior angle = landmark for T7

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7
Q

Spine of scapula

A

Ridge dividing posterior of scapula into:

1) Supraspinous fossa
2) Infraspinous fossa

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8
Q

Acromion process

A

Subcutaneous lateral point of scapula (palpable)

*Forms AC joint

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9
Q

Occipital artery

A

Origin: External carotid artery, emerges cranial border of splenius capitus

Course: Passes to posterior belly of digastric + mastoid processes; follows occipital nerve

Supplies: Scalp on back of head, as far as vertex

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10
Q

Greater occipital nerve

A

Origin: Medial branch of posterior ramus of spinal nerve C2

Course: Emerges btwn axis + obliquus capitis inferior; then pierces trapezius

Innervates: scalp region of occipital

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11
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerves + vessels

A

Superior neurovasculature supplying skin/cutaneous aspects posteriorly
*changes planes

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12
Q

Lateral cutaneous nerves + vessels

A

Superior neurovasculature supplying skin/cutaneous aspects laterally
*changes planes

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13
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia

A

Deep fascia - thoracic + lumbar

Medial attachment: nuchal ligament, tips of SPs, supraspinous ligament, median crest of sacrum

Lateral attachment: cervical + lumbar TPs, angles of ribs

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14
Q

Trapezius (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

1) SNL
2) EOP
3) Nuchal ligament
4) SPs of C7-T12

Insertion:

1) Spine of scapula
2) Acromion
3) Lateral 1/3 clavicle

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15
Q

Latissimus dorsi (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

1) SPs of T6-T12
2) Thoracolumbar fascia
3) Iliac crest
4) Ribs 9/10-12

Insertion:
Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

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16
Q

Teres major (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

1) Inferior part of lateral border of scapula
2) Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula

Insertion:
Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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17
Q

Trapezius (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

1) Upper = elevate scapula + clavicle
2) Middle = retract scapula
3) Lower = depress scapula
4) Upper + Lower = rotate scapula up
* **Helps hold scapula on ribcage

Innervation:

1) Motor = spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
2) Sensory = C3, C4 (pain + proprioception)

Vascularization:

1) Occipital artery (descending part)
2) Superficial or transverse cervical artery (transverse part)
3) Dorsal scapular artery (ascending part)

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18
Q

Latissimus dorsi (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

1) Adduct humerus
2) Extend humerus
3) Medial (internal) rotation of humerus
4) Raises body towards arms (pull-up)

Innervation:
Thoracodorsal (C6, C7) (C8)
*Found near lateral tendon

Vascularization:

1) Thoracodorsal artery
2) Perforating arteries of the 9th-11th posterior intercostal arteries
3) 1st-3rd lumbar arteries

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19
Q

Teres major (function + innervation)

A

Function:

1) Adduct shoulder joint
2) Medial (internal) rotation of shoulder joint

Innervation:
Lower subscapular nerve (C5) (C6)

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20
Q

Rhomboid major (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
SP of T2-T5

Insertion:
Medial border of the scapula from spine to inferior angle

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21
Q

Rhomboid major (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

1) Retract scapula
2) Rotate GH cavity inferiorly
3) Fix scapula to thoracic wall

Innervation:
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) (C4)

Vascularization:

1) Dorsal scapular artery
2) Deep branch of transverse cervical artery
3) Dorsal branch of upper 5 or 6 posterior intercostal arteries

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22
Q

Rhomboid minor (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

1) Nuchal ligament
2) Spinous process of C7 and T1

Insertion:
Medial border of the scapula, down to the spine

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23
Q

Rhomboid minor (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

1) Retract scapula
2) Rotate GH cavity inf
3) Fix scapula to thoracic wall

Innervation:
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) (C4)

Vascularization:

1) Dorsal scapular artery
2) Deep branch of transverse cervical artery
3) Dorsal branch of upper 5 or 6 posterior intercostal arteries

24
Q

Levator scapulae (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
Posterior tubercles of TPs of C1-C4

Insertion:
Superior angle of the scapula

25
Q

Levator scapulae (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:
Elevate scapula, rotate scapula down, rotate GH cavity inf

Innervation:
Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5) + C3, C4 spinal nerves

Vascularization:
Transverse cervical and ascending cervical arteries (branches of the thyrocervical trunk)

26
Q

Serratus posterior inferior muscles (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
Spinous processes of T11-L2

Insertion:
Inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near angles

27
Q

Serratus posterior superior muscles (function + innervation)

A

Function:
Elevate ribs
*Serves as retinacula (keeps deep back muscles in place)

Innervation:
Intercostal nerves 2-5

28
Q

Serratus posterior superior muscles (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

1) Nuchal ligament
2) Spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae

Insertion:
Superior borders of ribs 2-4

29
Q

Serratus posterior inferior muscles (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • Depress ribs
  • Serves as retinacula (keeps deep back muscles in place)

Innervation:

1) Intercostal nerves 9-11
2) T12 subcostal nerve

Vascularization:

1) Posterior intercostal arteries
2) Subcostal artery & upper lumbar arteries

30
Q

What common symptom will present if nerves supplying the scapulothoracic stabilizer muscles are injured? What muscles are those?

A
  • Winging scapula
  • Involves serratus anterior, trapezius, rhomboids
  • Primary - due to dysfunction in scapulothoracic stabilizer muscles
  • Secondary - in association w/ other pathologies (subacromial bursitis, GH joint disorders)
  • Trapezius helps keep scapula against ribcage
  • Typically injured in posterior triangle of the neck (e.g., lymph node dissection, or iatrogenic [surgical] injury)
31
Q

Types of spinal curvature abnormalities

A

1) Scoliosis
2) Kyphosis (thoracic)
3) Lordosis (lumbar)

32
Q

Vertebral body

A

Round osseous part with flat ends sup + inf.

Separated by IV discs.

33
Q

Pedicle

A

“Arms” reaching out from VB.

*Screws go through this to secure VBs.

34
Q

Articular process

A

Sup + inf processes that articulate with adjacent VBs

35
Q

Lamina

A

Top of arch forming posterior end of vertebral arch, extends from pedicles

36
Q

Transverse process

A

Bilateral projections on either side of neural arch that serve as attachment points for muscles

37
Q

Vertebral notches

A

Sup + inf, form the IV foramina when joined

38
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

Fibrocartilage rings around circumference of IV disc

39
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Central core of IV disc that is soft and malleable

*Can herniate into VC + compress SC/nerve roots

40
Q

Uncovertebral joints

A

Synovial joints btwn uncus of VB of C3-C6

*Frequent sites of spur formation

41
Q

C7 landmark

A

Vertebra prominence

*Most easily palpated

42
Q

T7 landmark

A

Inferior angles of scapula

43
Q

L4 landmark

A

Iliac crest

44
Q

Sacral promontory

A

Sacral landmark on radiographs

*L5 right above

45
Q

Layers of back

A

1) Skin
2) Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia
- Aka tela cubcutanea, hypodermis
3) Deep (investing) fascia
4) Muscle
5) Bone

46
Q

Function of superficial (extrinsic) back muscles

A

1) Connect upper limb to the trunk

2) Control limb movement

47
Q

Function of intermediate (extrinsic) back muscles

A

Serve as retinacula (help hold deeper muscles in place)

*Minor role in respiration

48
Q

Function of deep (intrinsic) back muscles

A

1) Control posture

2) Control movements of vertebral column

49
Q

Scapulohumeral rhythm

A

Ratio of the glenohumeral movement to the scapulothoracic movement during arm elevation

50
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the dermis and binding it to the parts beneath

51
Q

Name the superficial (extrinsic) back muscles

A

1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus dorsi
3) Rhomboid major
4) Rhomboid minor
5) Levator scapulae

52
Q

What muscle does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?

A
  • Trapezius

- SCM

53
Q

What muscles does the dorsal scapular nerve innervate?

A

1) Rhomboid major
2) Rhomboid minor
3) Levator scapulae

54
Q

What muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A
  • Latissimus dorsi
55
Q

What muscle helps abduct shoulder joint to 15 degrees?

A
  • Supraspinatus
56
Q

Name the intermediate extrinsic back muscles

A
  • Serratus posterior superior

- Serratus posterior inferior

Clinical Anatomy (25 decks)

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