Pharynx, Nose, & Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards
What nerve makes you cry + what structure does it innervate?
- CN VII
- Lacrimal gland
What opens under the inferior concha?
Nasolacrimal duct
What opens under the middle concha?
- Maxillary sinus
- Ethmoidal air cells (anterior + middle)
- Frontal sinus
What opens under the superior concha?
Opening of posterior ethmoidal air cells
Semilunar hiatus
Opening of maxillary sinus
Ethmoidal bulla
- Largest anterior ethmoid air cell
- Forms posterior + superior walls of ethmoid infundibulum + hiatus semilunaris
When opens above the superior concha?
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
What provides sensory innervation to the paranasal sinuses?
Ophthalmic + maxillary branches of trigeminal nerve (CN V1 + CN V2)
Where is the opening of the Eustachian/auditory/ pharyngotympanic tube?
- Nasopharynx
- In between the salpingopharyngeal fold (posterior) + salpingopalatine fold (anterior)
What makes up the arches of the palate?
- Palatoglossal muscle
- Palatopharyngeal muscle
How are the arches of the palate oriented?
Palatoglossal arch anterior to palatopharyngeal arch
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
In between palatoglossal arch + palatopharyngeal arch
What nerve innervates the palate?
Greater + lesser palatine nerves (CN V2)
Where do the greater + lesser palatine nerves originate from?
Infraorbital nerve –> maxillary nerve –> trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
What 2 muscles act on the palate + what are their functions?
Palatini “Brothers”
1) Levator veli palatini - elevate palate
2) Tensor veli palatini - tense palate
Innervation of levator veli palatini
CN V3
Innervation of tensor veli palatini
CN X
What nerve is injured is taste sensation changes in
anterior 2/3 of tongue?
Lingual nerve –> chorda tympani –> CN VII
What nerve is injured if general sensation changes in anterior 2/3 of tongue?
CN V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
Where does the lingual nerve originate from?
Chorda tympani –> CN VII (facial nerve)
What nerve is injured if general sensation changes in posterior 1/3 of tongue?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
What nerve is injured if taste sensation changes in posterior 1/3 of tongue?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
What muscle makes up the majority of the tongue?
Genioglossus muscle
What nerve is injured if movement of the tongue changes?
CN XII (hypoglossal)
At what spine level is the epiglottis?
C4 (upper boundary of hypopharynx)
At what spine level is the cricoid cartilage?
C6 (lower boundary of hypopharynx)
3 parts of pharynx
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Hypopharynx/laryngopharynx
Vallecula
- Potential paired spaces seen anterior to epiglottis
- Contains mainly lymphoid or glandular tissues
Choana
Opening to nasal cavity
Isthmus faucium
Opening to oral cavity
Torus (tubarius) of pharyngotympanic tube
Bulging formed by cartilaginous aspect of the Eustachian tube
What structure delineates the nasopharynx?
Border at tip of soft palate
What structure delineates the hypopharynx?
Border at epiglottis
Tubal tonsil
- Lymphoid tissue around opening of Eustachian tube
- Form lateral aspect of Waldeyer’s ring
What are the components of Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring?
- Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Tubal tonsils
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Most superior aka “adenoids”
3 levator muscles of pharynx
1) Salpingopharyngeus muscle
2) Palatopharyngeus muscle
3) Stylopharyngeus muscle
Palatoglossus muscle
Elevates tongue
3 constrictor muscles of pharynx
1) Superior pharyngeal constrictor
2) Middle pharyngeal constrictor
3) Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Stylopharyngeus muscle innervation
CN IX
Which muscle does Zenker’s diverticulum usually involve?
- Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
- Weak area between two parts: thyropharyngeus + cricopharyngeus
Motor innervation of pharynx
- Stylopharyngeus = CN IX
- Remainder = CN X
Sensory innervation of pharynx
- CN IX
- CN V2 = anterior + superior aspect of nasopharynx
- Internal branch of CN X = inferior aspect of laryngopharynx (surrounding the beginning of the larynx)
