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Clinical Anatomy > Deep Back > Flashcards

Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Canal formed by vertebral foramina of vertebral bodies

  • Houses spinal cord
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2
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Hole formed by vertebral arch + posterior surface of vertebral body

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3
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Hole formed by superior + inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae

  • Passage for spinal nerve roots + vessels
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4
Q

Epidural space

A

Extradural space separating dura mater from vertebrae

  • Location for epidural anesthesia (epidurals)
  • Filled with epidural fat + vessels
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5
Q

Dura mater spinalis

A

Outermost cover of spinal cord

  • Tough, fibrous, elastic tissue
  • Pierced by spinal nerves
  • Forms spinal dural sac starting from margin of foramen magnum + adheres to coccyx by filum terminale externum
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6
Q

Arachnoid mater spinalis

A

Middle cover of spinal cord

  • Delicate, fibrous, elastic
  • Encloses CSF in subarachnoid space
  • Not attached to DMS but pressed tightly against it by pressure from CSF
  • Lumbar puncture occurs in subarachnoid space
  • Dura-arachnoid space is not really a space but rather a weak cell layer
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7
Q

Pia mater spinalis

A

Innermost cover of spinal cord

  • Consists of flattened cells w/ long equally flattened processes that closely follow all surface features of SC
  • Also directly covers all roots of spinal nerves + blood vessels
  • Inferior to conus medullaris, continues as filum terminale
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8
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapered end of spinal cord

  • Typically L1-L2
  • High as T12
  • Low as L3
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9
Q

Cauda equina

A

Bundle of spinal nerve roots below conus medullaris

*Resembles horsetail

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10
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extends from conus medullaris + anchors spinal cord + dural sac

  • Consists primarily of pia mater
  • Internum: Inside dural sac
  • Externum: Outside dural sac (takes on layers of arachnoid + dura)
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11
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Extension of pia mater midway on either side that suspends spinal cord in dural sac

*Runs longitudinally along either side of spinal cord

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12
Q

Posterior roots of spinal nerves

A

Contain sensory (afferent) fibers

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13
Q

Anterior roots of spinal nerves

A

Contain motor (efferent) fibers

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14
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons

*also known as spinal ganglion

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15
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Location:
- Longitudinal ligament in between vertebral body and spinal cord

Function:
- Prevent hyperflexion of spine + posterior herniation of IV discs

*weaker than anterior

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16
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A
  • Pale, yellow elastic fibrous tissue connecting vertebral arches, laminae to laminae
  • Forms alternating sections of the posterior wall of vertebral canal
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17
Q

Sacrum

A

5 fused sacral bones

  • S1 landmark = sacral promontory
  • Fused SPs = median sacral crest
  • Fused APs = intermediate sacral crest
  • Fused TPs = lateral sacral crest
  • Sacral hiatus = inverted U-shape (absence of L4-L5 laminae + SPs)
  • Sacral cornua = inferior AP
  • 4 posterior + 4 anterior foramina
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18
Q

Transverse scapular ligament

A

Crosses suprascapular notch

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19
Q

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

A

Innervates:

- Trapezius

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20
Q

Dorsal scapular nerve

A

Innervates:

  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
  • Levator scapulae
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21
Q

Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

A

Supplies:
- Trapezius

*Runs with spinal accessory nerve

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22
Q

Dorsal scapular artery

A

Supplies:

  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
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23
Q

Suprascapular artery + nerve

A

Location:
- Above + below transverse scapular ligament

Supplies:

  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
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24
Q

Vertebral artery

A

Location:
- Suboccipital triangle

Supplies:
- Suboccipital muscles

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25
Q

Deltoid (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

  • Lateral 1/3 clavicle
  • Acromion
  • Spine of scapula

Insertion:
- Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

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26
Q

Deltoid (function + innervation)

A

Function:

  • Anterior - flex + medially rotate shoulder joint
  • Middle - ABduct shoulder joint (to 90 degrees)
  • Posterior - extend + laterally rotate shoulder joint

Innervation:
- Axillary nerve (C5) (C6)

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27
Q

Teres major (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

  • Inferior part of lateral border of scapula
  • Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula

Insertion:
- Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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28
Q

Teres major (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • ADduct shoulder joint
  • Medial (internal) rotation of shoulder joint

Innervation:
- Lower subscapular nerve (C5) (C6)

Vascularization:

  • Thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular artery
  • Posterior circumflex humeral artery
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29
Q

Teres minor (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
- Middle part of lateral border of scapula

Insertion:
- Inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

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30
Q

Teres minor (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • Laterally rotate shoulder joint
  • Help hold humeral head in glenoid cavity

Innervation:
- Axillary nerve (C5) (C6)

Vascularization:

  • Suprascapular artery
  • Dorsal scapular artery
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31
Q

Biceps brachii, short + long heads (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

  • Short: Tip of coracoid process of scapula
  • Long: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Insertion:

  • Radial tuberosity of radius
  • Deep fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
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32
Q

Biceps brachii, short + long heads (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • Supinate forearm
  • Flex elbow joint in supinated position
  • Flex shoulder joint (weak)
  • Short head resists dislocation of shoulder

Innervation:
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C6) (C5)

Vascularization:
- Branches of brachial artery

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33
Q

Triceps brachii, long + lateral + medial heads (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

  • Long: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • Lateral: Posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove
  • Medial: Posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove

Insertion:

  • Proximal end of olecranon of ulna
  • Fascia of forearm
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34
Q

Triceps brachii, long + lateral + medial heads (function + innervation + vascularization))

A

Function:

  • Chief extensor of elbow joint
  • Long head extends shoulder joint + resists dislocation of humerus (esp during ABduction)

Innervation:
- Radial nerve (C7, C8) (C6)

Vascularization:

  • Deep brachial artery
  • Superior ulnar collateral artery
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35
Q

Supraspinatus (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
- Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion:
- Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

36
Q

Supraspinatus (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • ABduction of shoulder joint (to 15 degrees)
  • Act w/ other RC muscles

Innervation:
- Suprascapular nerve (C5) (C4, C6)

Vascularization:
- Suprascapular artery

37
Q

Infraspinatus (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
- Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion:
- Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus

38
Q

Infraspinatus (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • Laterally rotate shoulder joint
  • Help hold humeral head in glenoid cavity (RC)

Innervation:
- Suprascapular nerve (C5) (C6)

Vascularization:

  • Suprascapular artery
  • Circumflex scapular arteries
39
Q

Subscapularis (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
- Subscapular fossa (most of anterior surface of scapula)

Insertion:
- Lesser tubercle of humerus

40
Q

Subscapularis (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • Medially rotate + ADduct shoulder joint
  • Help hold humeral head in glenoid cavity (RC)

Innervation:
- Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C6) (C5, C7)

Vascularization:

1) Suprascapular artery
2) Axillary artery
3) Subscapular artery

41
Q

Obliquus capitis superior (ID)

A

Lateral side of suboccipital triangle

*Smaller than inferior

42
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior (ID)

A

Inferior side of suboccipital triangle

*Larger than superior

43
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor (ID)

A

Most medial, above rectus capitis major

44
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major (ID)

A

Superior side of suboccipital triangle

*Lateral to the minor

45
Q

Suboccipital triangle (borders)

A

Sides (clockwise starting at 12:00):

1) Rectus capitis posterior major
2) Obliquus capitis inferior
3) Obliquus capitis superior

46
Q

Splenius capitis (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

  • Nuchal ligament
  • SPs of C7-T3

Insertion:

  • Mastoid process
  • Lateral 1/3 superior nuchal line of occipital bone
47
Q

Splenius capitis (function + innervation + vascularization)

A

Function:

  • Unilateral = Lateral flexion neck + rotate head to side of active muscle
  • Bilateral = Extend head + neck

Innervation:
- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Vascularization:
- Muscular branches of occipital artery

48
Q

Omohyoid

A

Origin:
- Superior border of scapula

Insertion:
- Body of hyoid bone

Function:
- Depress hyoid

Innervation:
- Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3

Vascularization:
- Superior thyroid artery

49
Q

Which rami innervates the deep back muscles?

A

Posterior rami

50
Q

3 groups of deep (intrinsic) back muscles

A

1) Erector spinae
2) Transversospinalis
3) Splenius

51
Q

3 groups of erector spinae muscles (+ location)

A

1) Iliocostalis (outer)
2) Longissimus (middle)
3) Spinalis (inner)

52
Q

3 groups of transversospinalis muscles (relative location + innervation)

A

Relative location:

1) Semispinalis (superficial)
2) Multifudus (deeper)
3) Rotatores (deepest)
* Connect btwn TPs to more superior SPs

Innervation:
- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

53
Q

2 groups of splenius muscles

A

1) Capitis

2) Cervicis

54
Q

Erector spinae (function + innervation)

A

Bilateral function:

  • Extend VC
  • Extend head
  • Control flexion of VC

Unilateral function:
- Lateral bend of VC

Innervation:
- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

55
Q

Suboccipital muscle innervation

A 
Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)
*Located in suboccipital triangle
56
Q

Obliquus capitis superior (origin + insertion + innervation + vascularization)

A

Origin:
- TP of C1

Insertion:
- Lateral part of inferior nuchal line on occipital bone

Innervation:
- Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1)

Vascularization:
- Vertebral artery and descending branches of the occipital artery

57
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior (origin + insertion + innervation + vascularization)

A

Origin:
- SP of C2

Insertion:

  • TP of C1
  • Meets up with the superior

Innervation:
- Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (suboccipital nerve)

Vascularization:
- Vertebral artery and deep descending branches of the occipital artery

58
Q

Rectus capitis posterior minor (origin + insertion + innervation + vascularization)

A

Origin:
- Posterior tubercle of C1

Insertion:
- Medial part of inferior nuchal line on occipital bone

Innervation:
- Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 (suboccipital nerve)

Vascularization:

  • Vertebral artery
  • Occipital artery (via the deep descending branch)
59
Q

Rectus capitis posterior major (origin + insertion + innervation + vascularization)

A

Origin:
- Spinous process of C2

Insertion:
- Lateral part of inferior nuchal line on occipital bone

Innervation:
- Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1)

Vascularization:
- Vertebral artery and descending branches of the occipital artery

60
Q

Quadrangular space (borders + contents)

A

Borders:

  • Teres minor (inf)
  • Teres major (sup)
  • Long head of triceps (lat)
  • Humerus (med)

Contents:

  • Axillary nerve
  • Posterior humeral circumflex artery (+vein)
61
Q

Triangular space (borders + contents)

A

Borders:

  • Teres minor (inf)
  • Teres major (sup)
  • Long head of triceps (med)

Contents:
- Circumflex scapular artery (+ vein)

62
Q

Splenius cervicus (function + innervation)

A

Function:

  • Unilateral: Lateral flexion and rotation of neck
  • Bilateral: Extension of neck

Innervation:
- Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

63
Q

Splenius cervicus (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
- Spinous processes of T3 – T6 vertebrae

Insertion:
- Transverse processes of C1 – C3 vertebrae

64
Q

Erector spinae (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:

  • Iliac crest (posterior broad tendon)
  • Sacrum (posterior surface)
  • Sacro-iliac ligaments
  • Spinous processes of sacral + inferior lumbar vertebrae
  • Supraspinous ligament

Insertion:

  • Iliocostalis - Superiorly to angles of lower ribs + cervical TPs
  • Longissimus - Mastoid process + superiorly to ribs btwn tubercles + angles to thoracic + cervical TPs
  • Spinalis - Superiorly to SPs in upper thoracic region + to cranium
65
Q

What is the most commonly torn tendon of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus

66
Q

What muscle is utilized up to 15 degrees abduction of the shoulder joint?

A

Supraspinatus

67
Q

What muscle is utilized with 15-90 degrees abduction of the shoulder joint?

A

Deltoid

68
Q

What muscles are utilized with abduction of the shoulder joint past 90 degrees?

A
  • Trapezius

- Serratus anterior

69
Q

Walk through steps of a lumbar puncture

A

1) ID L4 level (iliac crest)
2) Pierce skin
3) Supraspinous ligament
4) Infraspinous ligament
5) Ligamentum flavum
6) Epidural space
7) Dura/arachnoid mater
STOP!
*CSF in subarachnoid space

70
Q

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis

*SITS

71
Q

Subclavius (origin + insertion)

A

Origin:
- 1st rib

Insertion:
- Bottom surface of the middle part of the clavicle.

72
Q

Subclavius (function + innervation)

A

Function:

  • Stabilise the clavicle during movements of the pectoral girdle
  • Depress lateral end of the clavicle & pull it slightly anteriorly

Innervation:
- Nerve to subclavius

73
Q

What defines the triangle interval?

A
  • Teres major
  • Long head of triceps
  • Lateral head of the triceps
74
Q

What are the contents of the triangle interval?

A
  • Radial nerve

- Deep branch of brachial artery

75
Q

What nerve innervates the suboccipital muscles?

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)

76
Q

What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

A
  • Vertebral artery

- Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)

77
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1-L2

78
Q

Do cervical nerves exit above or below the vertebra with the same number?

A

Above

  • C8 exits between C7 + T1
79
Q

Do thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves exit above or below the vertebra with the same number?

A

Below

80
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Location:
- Anterior to vertebral column

Function:
- Prevent hyperextension of spine + anterior herniation of IV discs

81
Q

Which nerve root would a posterolateral herniation of the nucleus pulposus impinge upon?

A

Tranversing nerve root

82
Q

How do the rotator cuff muscles stabilize the shoulder joint?

A

Form a musculotendoninous cuff around the GH joint

83
Q

White matter

A
  • Contains only tracks of myelinated + unmyelinated axons traveling to + from the brain
84
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Contains neuronal cell bodies + their dendrites, along with axons + central neuroglia
85
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle located?

A
  • Ventral horn of the gray matter

Clinical Anatomy (25 decks)

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