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Summary Pack Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

A

prokaryotic: flagellin protein
eukaryotic: tubulin protein (for flagellla and cilia)

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2
Q

obligate vs facultative (aerobes/anaerobes)

A

obgligate anaerobes: need absence of O2
obligate aerobes: need O2
facultative anaerobe: can switch to anaerobic (no O2) but prefer O2

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3
Q

Glyoxysome is?

A

a variation of peroxisome in germinating seeds of some plants

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4
Q

How do cells adhere to ECM?

A
  1. focal adhesions (ECM to actin filaments in cell)

2. hemidesmosomes (ECM to intermediate filaments)

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5
Q

Cell junction that allows ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell (heart contraction) is called?

A

gap junction

- via connexin

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6
Q

Cell junction that is a gap junction in plant cells?

A

plasmodesmata

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7
Q

Cell junction that seals and prevents things from passing through? likely found in intestinal tract

A

tight junction

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8
Q

Cell junctions that provide stability by holding things together?

A

desmosomes or anchoring junctions

- intermediate filaments

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9
Q

What is the role of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in glycolysis?

A

regulatory enzyme that regulates the speed at which that rate of glycolysis occurs

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10
Q

What metabolic process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Krebs cycle

pyruvate dehydrogenase to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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11
Q

Generation of glucose from noncarbohydrate carbon subtrates (lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids) =

A

gluconeogenesis

- occurs in liver and kidneys

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12
Q

For the light reaction, H+ ions are pumped from where to where?

A

stroma = fluid of chloroplast
to
thylakoid lumen = fluid inside thylakoid disk

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13
Q

What are the reactants and products of light dependent reaction?

A

H20 is split to replace e- at PSII

ATP and NADPH is produced

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14
Q

What are the reactants and proudcts of light independent reaction?

A

CO2 is fixed with RuBP, ATP and NADPH are the reducing agents/ energy sources to regenerate RuBisCO

PGAL is formed/3CO2 = 3 turns
1 glucose per 6 turns of Calvin cycle

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15
Q

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

thylakoid

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16
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

stroma of chloroplast

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17
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

the inefficiency of photosynthesis by “fixing O2” instead of CO2

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18
Q

In terms of cells/tissue layers, where does photosynthesis usually occur in C3 plants?

A

mesophyll cells

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19
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in C4 photosynthesis?

A

bundle sheath cells that are deeper in the leaf and are not exposed to air (O2 not present) - reduces photorespiration

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20
Q

What is the difference of reactants in C4 plants

A
  • utilization of PEP instead of RuBisCo

- production of oxaloacetate/malate

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21
Q

What does malate produce in the bundle of sheath cell?

A

CO2 and pyruvate

- CO2 enters calvin cycle fixed by rubisco and pyruvate returns to mesophyll and regenerates PEP

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22
Q

When does synapsis occur?

A

ONLY in prophase 1 (meiosis 1)

  • pairing of homologous chromosomes (allows for crossing over of chiasma)
  • this does not occur in mitosis or meiosis 2
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23
Q

What are sources of genetic variation due to meiosis?

A
  • crossing over (prophase 1)
  • independent assortment (metaphase 1)
  • random joining of gametes
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24
Q

Primitive Earth had what atmosphere?

A

Reducing:

CO, CO2, S, HCN, HCl, H2, H2O, NH3, C4

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25
Q

What were the complex molecules synthesized from the inorganic molecules of primitive earth?

A

monomers:

amino acids, acetic acid, formaldehyde

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26
Q

What allowed the formation of complex molecules?

A

via UV light, lightning, radioactivity, heat

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27
Q

What are proteinoids?

A

abiotic polypeptides - amino acid dehydrate on hot, dry substrates
i.e. amino acids were heated up and formed polypeptides - not formed via translation etc

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28
Q

A sel-organized sphere of lipids that provides a border for chemical reactions to take place can be classified as…

A

protobionts
- microspheres (a.a) and coacervates (fatty a)

these are formed due to chemical process! not biological

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29
Q

What was the first biotic organism classified as?

A

primitive heterotrophic prokaryotes - source of organic materials from inorganic molecules (chemical rxn)

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30
Q

What is the only avascular plant division?

A

Bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
- lack vasculature therefore require water environment

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31
Q

The sperm of an angiosperm fuses with what?

A

2 sperms:
1. fertilizes egg
2. fuse with 2 polar nuclei (polar bodies)
to form triploid nucleus = endosperm

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32
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

angiosperm fertilization of separate sperms fertilizing egg and polar nuclei

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33
Q

What is the site of photosynthesis in terms of ground tissue ?

A

Parenchyma

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34
Q

What tissues provide mechanical support in ground tissue?

A

collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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35
Q

What tissue in the plant has a secondary cell wall?

A

xylem (except in the pits)

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36
Q

What are two types of xylem cells?

A

tracheids (allows water to pass through pits)

vessel elements

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37
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A

cells that form phloem

  • living at maturity
  • do not have nuclei/ribosomes
  • companion cells parenchyma connected via plasmodesmata
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38
Q

a band of fatty material = suberin, that creates a water impermeable barrier between cells is called?

A

the Casparian strip

- endodermis of roots

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39
Q

the ability for water to move from one cell to another is called?

A

symplastic

vs apoplastic is through the cell walls (but do not actually enter the cell)

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40
Q

What phyla is considered a parazoa?

A

porifera

- sponges do not have true tissue layers or organs

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41
Q

What is the main difference between nematodes and annelids?

A

annelids are segmented while nematodes are not

otherwise they are both bilateral and have a one way digestion

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42
Q

Which phyla has a complete digestive system with mouth an anus?

A

chordata

echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins)

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43
Q

Which phyla are deuterostomes?

A

chordata

echinodermata

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44
Q

What digestion and embryonic dev. do arthropoda have?

A

one way digestion

protostome

45
Q

This non-segmented organism uses cilia to draw food into system and lies in freshwater. What phyla?

A

rotifera

46
Q

How do snails and clams respirate?

A

gills

- they have a radula (teeth) and mantle (caco3 shell)

47
Q

What are invertebrate chordates?

A

amphixious/lancelets, tunicates

48
Q

When you’r very active what happens to the pH of your blood?

A

pH becomes acidic (low pH)

CO2 + H2O become carbonic acid H2Co3

49
Q

What senses the change in pH in your respiratory system?

A

low pH, chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries (blood to brain) sense
- impulse to diaphragm

50
Q

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin

A

gastrin - food in stomach, gastrin enters blood stream to stimulate release of gastric juices
secretin - bicar to reduce acidity of chyme, produced in duodenum
small intestine in response to fats - bile release from gallbladder, stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzyme and bile release from gall bladder (stored and released)

51
Q

What is the role of calcium in the signal transmission?

A

at the synaptic cleft, when action potential reaches pre-synaptic cleft
Ca++ channels open and calcium enters the cell (down the gradient into)
Ca++ causes synaptic vesicle to release NT into the synaptic cleft and bind receptor on post-synaptic membr.

52
Q

once NT is released into the synaptic cleft, if K+ ion channels open, this is a

A

inhibitory postsnaptic potential

causes hyperpolarization

53
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

cholinesterase

54
Q

parasympathetic nerves of the autonomic n.s. of PNS arise from?

A

cranial and sacral regions

55
Q

an involuntary, rapid response to stimulus occurs, this is likely a…

A

reflex arc - sensory, motor, interneuron

*not regulated by the brain

56
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

(part of cerebral cortex)

- orientation, recognition, perception

57
Q

retina, cornea, lens, pupil

- list these in order of passage of light

A

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina

58
Q

ATP allows for what in myosin and actin?

A

ATP binds myosin so that it releases from actin and pushes myosin head forward

59
Q

histamine is released by what cell?

A

basophils - white blood cell

- inflammatory response

60
Q

where do b cell and t cells originate?

A

bone marrow

61
Q

Antibodies are associated with which lyphocyte

A

b cells

62
Q

interleukins stimulates

A

the proliferation of t and b cells

63
Q

Cell mediated response is associated with which lymphocyte

A

t cell (MHC complexes etc)

64
Q

Humoral Response is associated with which lymphocyte

A

b cell - antibodies respond to pathogens in the blood/lymph

65
Q

What is the main difference between Anterior and Posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary hormones affect other endocrine glands.

Posterior pituitary directly affects the tissues

66
Q

Islets of Langerhans, beta cells secrete ____ while alpha cells secrete _____

A

beta: insulin
alpha: glucagon

67
Q

Oxytocin and Prolactin are what types of hormones?

A

peptide hormone!

68
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are what types of hormones?

A

amino acid hormones “-ine”

69
Q

melatonin is what type of hormone

A

amino acid hormone

70
Q

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel cells are all cells of the?

A

epidermis - superficial epithelial tissue

71
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

epithelial cells that attach to sensory neurons for touch sensation

72
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

not to be confused with islets of langerhans in the pancreas!
these are epidtermal tissues that interact with helper T-cells of immune system

73
Q

What is the role of stratum basale (germinativum)?

A

contains Merkel cells and stem cells that divide to produce keratinocytes
- attached by the basement membrane

74
Q

How do keratinocytes form?

A
  • from basement membrane specifically, stratum basale (germinatvitum)
    keratinocytes
  • pushed to top layer of epidermis
  • accumulate keratin and die
  • lose cytoplasm/nucleus/organelles
  • lamellar granules make it water repellent
75
Q

the papillary region and reticular region are regions of the?

A

Dermis
This is connective tissue (collagen and elastin)
- hair follicles, glands, nerves, blood vessels
(under the epidermis, above the hypodermis)

76
Q

Egg development in the ovary is like sperm development in the ____.

A

Seminiferous tubules in the testes

77
Q

Male hormones are produced in the?

A

Androgens and testosterone is produced in interstitial cells of the testes

78
Q

Sperm matures in the …

A

epididymis

79
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A
  • contact with the zona pellucida triggeres this
  • digestive enzymes from acrosomal cap
  • breakdown of glycoprotein membrane of zona pellucida
  • expose oocyte plasma membrane
80
Q

The cavity formed in the gastrula is called the

A

archenteron - opening is blastopore

81
Q

The chorion forms the…

A

placenta

- outer membrain for gas exhange

82
Q

What structures contribute to the formation of the placenta?

A

chorion and endometrium

83
Q

The umbilical cord is formed from which embryonic structure?

A

allantois sack

84
Q

What are the differences between birds/reptiles vs placental mammals in terms of the yolk sac?

A
  • birds/reptiles: nutrient support

- mammals: first site of blood production

85
Q

The notocord is developed from what structure after gastrulation? What does it develop into?

A

mesoderm

structural support such as vertebrates

86
Q

The neural tube develops into what?

A

central nervous system

87
Q

How does the neural tube arise?

A

from the neural plate which is from the primitive streak of the epiblasts in the blastocyst

88
Q

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics?

A

lamarkian argument to natural selection

- use and disues

89
Q

Hardy-Weinberg calculates allele frequencies when there is no change in evolution. What are the factors to NO evolutionary change?

A
  • no natural selection
  • no mutation
  • no gene flow
  • no genetic drift
  • random mating
90
Q

Allopatric and Sympatric evolution result in…

A

divergent evolution

allopatric is 2 species diverge and different environments sympatric is same environment but still diverge

91
Q

If generation F2 hybrids survive but have reduced fertility this is an example of what in terms of gene flow?

A
  • barrier to gene flow - reproductive isolation

- postzygotic hybrid breakdown

92
Q

For an age structure pyramid, if all tiers are relatively equal in width, what does this indicate about the population growth

A

= stable population

= zero population growth

93
Q

If a population has a a large ratio of young individuals compared to elderly, what does this indicate regarding population growth?

A

steep, rapidly growing

94
Q

A male fish that attacks other male fish with red stripes is found to attack a red coloured card. What type of behaviour is this?

A

Fixed action pattern/ modal action pattern = sign stimulus

- a behaviour that almost inevitably runs to completion

95
Q

A wasp uses a pinecone as a landmark to find their nest, if the pinecone is removed and the wasp can no longer find it, what is this learning called?

A

Spatial learning - form of associative learning

96
Q

Random movement of insects due to sudden vibrations can be an example of what movement?

A

kinesis

- UNDIRECTED movement in response to stimulus

97
Q

mosquitoes move towards the light. What type of movement is this?

A

phototaxis

- taxis is the DIRECTED movement in response to stimulus

98
Q

Altruistic behaviour is defined as?

A

risking one’s own safety to defend other animals to increase inclusive fitness of relatives rather than of self
i.e. kin selection

99
Q

What copies DNA to RNA in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

100
Q

RNA polymerase requires/does not require a primer?

A

does not!

DNA polymerase requires a primer to attach to 3’OH, but RNA pol does not

101
Q

What is the densest part of a cell?

A
  • nuclei
102
Q

In centrifugation what are the order of pellets of cells?

A 
First (most dense)
nucleus
mitochondria, chloroplast/lysosome/peroxisome
vesicles
ribosomes, viruses etc
103
Q

The lac operon is an inducible or repressible system?

A

inducible

the presence of lactose binds to the repressor to release it from the operator which turns transcription “ON”

104
Q

The trp operon is an inducible or repressible system?

A

repressible
the presence of tryptophan binds to the repressor so that it can bind to the operator to turn transcription “ON”
- in this case tryptophan is a corepressor

105
Q

When one gene has multiple phenotypes this is known as?

A

pleiotropy (i.e. sickle cell anemia)

106
Q

When many genes has a single phenotype, this is known as?

A

polygenetic inheritance (i.e. height)

107
Q

this elephant population is stable and has relatively low number of offspring, what type of species is this and what type of survivorship curve does it likely have?

A

K selected species - hovers at carrying capacity

- Type I, many survive at young age

108
Q

This population has high growth rates and less crowded niches. It has many offspring, but few survive till adulthood, what is this species type and survivorship curve?

A

r-selected species

- Type III, many die off real quick

DAT Biology (12 decks)

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