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History of psych > Summary of history > Flashcards

Summary of history Flashcards

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1
Q

Nativist

A

Rationalism, senses deceiving, should rely on logic. Abilities are innate to the brain

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Emphasises role of experience, perception and observation

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3
Q

Democritus

A

All that exists are invisible particles which move in a void

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4
Q

Myers Briggs compares…

A

Introversion/extraversion, intuition/sensing, feeling/thinking, judging/perceiving

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5
Q

Cultural transition

A

Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Kierkegaard

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6
Q

Locke primary qualities

A

Mass, motion, size which exist independently of the mind, objective

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7
Q

Locke secondary qualities

A

Colour, weight and smell. Exist in the mind, but not in the world, subjective

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8
Q

Pineal gland

A

Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, object of mythical theories and attributions. Descartes - ‘Seat of the soul’.

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9
Q

Modern psychologists

A

Weber, Fechner, Wundt, Helmholtz, Pavlov

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10
Q

Psychometrics

A

Galton, Binet, Spearman

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11
Q

Psychometrics included meauring

A

Personality, intelligence, aptitude for skills, degree of mental illness, educational problems

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12
Q

Galton’s intelligence tests

A

Thought intelligent people would have efficient and powerful NS. Power of brain related to size, measured RT. Failed to show eminent people were superior

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13
Q

William Stern IQ

A

Mental age/chronological age x 100

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14
Q

US developments

A

Lewis Terman - Adapted Binet’s tests to English. Gave to army in WW1. Used to screen immigrants, but because of cultural differences

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15
Q

UK developments

A

Cyril Burt bought IQ tests to UK, conducted twin-studies to find intelligence was largely hereditary.

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16
Q

Gall and phrenology

A

Believed faculties had specific locations in brain. Bumps on skull reflect size of phrenological organs. Wrong = shape of skull reflects brain, oversimplification of complex tasks, theory was observation which could be manipulated

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17
Q

Structuralist psychology

A

Study of conscious experiences by introspection

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18
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A whole is more than its parts. Demonstrations were important, but weak

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19
Q

Unconscious inference - Helmholtz

A

Brains perceptions contradict raw sensations. Visual illusions, based on prior visual learning experience

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20
Q

Wundt

A

Introspection to study structuralism. Wondered whether complex mental experiences could be broken down into simple processes

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21
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Emotions arise from conscious perception of your physiological condition

22
Q

Structural linguistics

A

Language made up of subsystems. Must learn structural items which are finite

23
Q

Functional linguistics

A

Language is also a means for doing things e.g. offering, suggesting, advising

24
Q

Pragmatism

A

The usefulness of beliefs

25
Q

Freud’s theory of mental life (7)

A

Psychological development, personality, mental illness, everyday life, sociology, anthropology, cultural history

26
Q

Drives and instincts

A

Eros, libido, thanatos

27
Q

Superego

A

Conscience, stores morals and attitudes, preconscious

28
Q

Ego

A

Conscious, rational part. Keeps peace between id and superego

29
Q

Polymorphous perversity

A

Pure desire for pleasure - unconscious

30
Q

Psychosexual development

A

Oral (0-2), anal (2-3), phallic (3-7), latency (7-11), genital (11+)

31
Q

Hypnotherapy

A

Mesmer, Charcot, Breuer

32
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Adler, Horney, Jung, A Freud

33
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Believed in childhood tensions, but thought they were social in nature rather than sexual. Looked at physical disabilities - some overcome challenges, some feel defeated

34
Q

Anna Freud

A

Superego speaks with language of guilt and shame. Only becomes clear when it confronts ego

35
Q

Purpose of defence mechanisms

A

Methods used by ego to protect itself against anxiety caused by conflict between id’s demands and superegos constraints

36
Q

Displacement and projection

A

Displacement = cant express anger onto object of anger, so express anger to something which poses no threat. Projection = Disguising threatening impulses and attributing them to others

37
Q

Sublimation and reaction formation

A

Sublimation = expend energy on prosocial activities to avoid undesired activities. Reaction formation = Make unacceptable impulses into opposite, acceptable form

38
Q

Rationalisation and denial

A

Rationalisation = try to create logical explanations of behaviour to justify it. Denial = refuse to perceive reality to protect ourselves from it

39
Q

Humanism

A

Maslow, Rogers. Emphasise uniqueness, see human nature as good, optimistic about humanity and the future

40
Q

Maslow

A

3 types of needs - basic, those to know/understand, aesthetic. Satisfy lower basic, then safety, then love needs

41
Q

Describe esteem and self-actualisation needs

A

Esteem needs = High in regard, respect from others. Self-actualisation = see what exists in them as potential

42
Q

Rogers

A

Person-centred approach. Actualising tendency - move with complexity to goals, optimistic, open, trust instincts

43
Q

Conditions of person-centred therapy

A

Empathy, congruence/genuineness, unconditional positive regard

44
Q

Behaviourism

A

Reaction against introspection, studies observable behaviour. Pavlov, Skinner, Watson

45
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Language not due to behaviourism, learn rules for language. Have innate capacity to learn language. Mind cannot be blank slate

46
Q

Parallel distributed processing

A

Connectionism, neural networks, model mental behaviour, show learning of behaviour

47
Q

Turing test

A

Test a machine’s capability to demonstrate intelligence. Development of artificial intelligence

48
Q

Solving replication crisis

A

Replicate repeatedly, p-hacking, boost power, open data, materials & analysis, pre-registered confirmatory studies, open science practices in teaching, reward open science

49
Q

P-hacking

A

Adding in more analyses to find something that is significant

50
Q

Incentives to conduct correct research

A

Truth seeking, rigour, quality, reproducibility, novelty, impact

History of psych (7 decks)

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