Summary of history Flashcards
Nativist
Rationalism, senses deceiving, should rely on logic. Abilities are innate to the brain
Empiricism
Emphasises role of experience, perception and observation
Democritus
All that exists are invisible particles which move in a void
Myers Briggs compares…
Introversion/extraversion, intuition/sensing, feeling/thinking, judging/perceiving
Cultural transition
Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Kierkegaard
Locke primary qualities
Mass, motion, size which exist independently of the mind, objective
Locke secondary qualities
Colour, weight and smell. Exist in the mind, but not in the world, subjective
Pineal gland
Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, object of mythical theories and attributions. Descartes - ‘Seat of the soul’.
Modern psychologists
Weber, Fechner, Wundt, Helmholtz, Pavlov
Psychometrics
Galton, Binet, Spearman
Psychometrics included meauring
Personality, intelligence, aptitude for skills, degree of mental illness, educational problems
Galton’s intelligence tests
Thought intelligent people would have efficient and powerful NS. Power of brain related to size, measured RT. Failed to show eminent people were superior
William Stern IQ
Mental age/chronological age x 100
US developments
Lewis Terman - Adapted Binet’s tests to English. Gave to army in WW1. Used to screen immigrants, but because of cultural differences
UK developments
Cyril Burt bought IQ tests to UK, conducted twin-studies to find intelligence was largely hereditary.
Gall and phrenology
Believed faculties had specific locations in brain. Bumps on skull reflect size of phrenological organs. Wrong = shape of skull reflects brain, oversimplification of complex tasks, theory was observation which could be manipulated
Structuralist psychology
Study of conscious experiences by introspection
Gestalt psychology
A whole is more than its parts. Demonstrations were important, but weak
Unconscious inference - Helmholtz
Brains perceptions contradict raw sensations. Visual illusions, based on prior visual learning experience
Wundt
Introspection to study structuralism. Wondered whether complex mental experiences could be broken down into simple processes
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotions arise from conscious perception of your physiological condition
Structural linguistics
Language made up of subsystems. Must learn structural items which are finite
Functional linguistics
Language is also a means for doing things e.g. offering, suggesting, advising
Pragmatism
The usefulness of beliefs
Freud’s theory of mental life (7)
Psychological development, personality, mental illness, everyday life, sociology, anthropology, cultural history
Drives and instincts
Eros, libido, thanatos
Superego
Conscience, stores morals and attitudes, preconscious
Ego
Conscious, rational part. Keeps peace between id and superego
Polymorphous perversity
Pure desire for pleasure - unconscious
Psychosexual development
Oral (0-2), anal (2-3), phallic (3-7), latency (7-11), genital (11+)
Hypnotherapy
Mesmer, Charcot, Breuer
Neo-Freudians
Adler, Horney, Jung, A Freud
Alfred Adler
Believed in childhood tensions, but thought they were social in nature rather than sexual. Looked at physical disabilities - some overcome challenges, some feel defeated
Anna Freud
Superego speaks with language of guilt and shame. Only becomes clear when it confronts ego
Purpose of defence mechanisms
Methods used by ego to protect itself against anxiety caused by conflict between id’s demands and superegos constraints
Displacement and projection
Displacement = cant express anger onto object of anger, so express anger to something which poses no threat. Projection = Disguising threatening impulses and attributing them to others
Sublimation and reaction formation
Sublimation = expend energy on prosocial activities to avoid undesired activities. Reaction formation = Make unacceptable impulses into opposite, acceptable form
Rationalisation and denial
Rationalisation = try to create logical explanations of behaviour to justify it. Denial = refuse to perceive reality to protect ourselves from it
Humanism
Maslow, Rogers. Emphasise uniqueness, see human nature as good, optimistic about humanity and the future
Maslow
3 types of needs - basic, those to know/understand, aesthetic. Satisfy lower basic, then safety, then love needs
Describe esteem and self-actualisation needs
Esteem needs = High in regard, respect from others. Self-actualisation = see what exists in them as potential
Rogers
Person-centred approach. Actualising tendency - move with complexity to goals, optimistic, open, trust instincts
Conditions of person-centred therapy
Empathy, congruence/genuineness, unconditional positive regard
Behaviourism
Reaction against introspection, studies observable behaviour. Pavlov, Skinner, Watson
Noam Chomsky
Language not due to behaviourism, learn rules for language. Have innate capacity to learn language. Mind cannot be blank slate
Parallel distributed processing
Connectionism, neural networks, model mental behaviour, show learning of behaviour
Turing test
Test a machine’s capability to demonstrate intelligence. Development of artificial intelligence
Solving replication crisis
Replicate repeatedly, p-hacking, boost power, open data, materials & analysis, pre-registered confirmatory studies, open science practices in teaching, reward open science
P-hacking
Adding in more analyses to find something that is significant
Incentives to conduct correct research
Truth seeking, rigour, quality, reproducibility, novelty, impact
