Philosophy and roots of science of mind

Question 1

What approach did the Parmenides take?

Answer 1

‘It is’. Things changing was only an illusion. Don’t trust observation

Question 2

What is empiricism?

Answer 2

Contrasts to rationalism, emphasises role of experience, gains info through sensory perception/observation.

Question 3

What did the Socrates say about the truth compared to Plato?

Answer 3

Socrates = only true knowledge is knowing you have nothing, sorted through conversation. Plato = Knowledge derived from logic

Question 4

What was the allegory of the cave?

Answer 4

Prisoners only saw shadows (not true form). Urge to deny new reality

Question 5

What are the 3 elements of the tripartite mind?

Answer 5

Logistikon (intellect, reasoning), Thumos (spiritual centre of mind), Epithumentikon (Governed desires + appetites)

Question 6

What does pseudoscience compare? (4)

Answer 6

Introversion/extraversion, sensing/intuition, feeling/thinking, judging/perceiving

Question 7

What was the Ancient Greek thought?

Answer 7

World viewed as souls, spirits and magic. Naturalistic views

Question 8

Who said that ‘all that exists are invisible particles, which move in a void?’

Answer 8

Democritus

Question 9

What was the view of Socrates?

Answer 9

Use systematic questioning, concerned with ethics and politics

Question 10

What were Aristotle’s 2 virtues to happiness?

Answer 10

1st systematic attempt of understanding physical & biological world, no experimentation, only observation

Question 11

What was Thomas Aquinas’ role in this?

Answer 11

Combined intellectual rigour with Christian faith, adopted Aristotle’s notion about souls. Developed analysis of causes

Question 12

What were Galen’s 4 parts of humourism?

Answer 12

Sanguine (blood, air, liver, courage), Melancholic (black bile, Earth, spleen, tired), choleric (yellow bile, fire, gall bladder, anger), phlegmatic (phlegm, water, brain, rationality)

Question 13

What are the 5 personality variables?

Answer 13

Openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion

Question 14

Describe the cultural transition between 16th-19th century

Answer 14

Observation displaced wisdom. Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kent, Kierkegaard.

Question 15

Define epistemology and ontology

Answer 15

Epistemology = What knowledge is, how we get it. Ontology = What exists

Question 16

Describe the work of Plato

Answer 16

A rationalist, mistrusting observation. Only know appearances.

Question 17

Describe Aristotle’s background

Answer 17

Founded Lyceum (empiricist), defined soul as gives form to matter

Question 18

Describe rationalism and senses

Answer 18

Deceiving and shouldn’t b trusted, people should rely on logic

Question 19

Describe rationalism and nativist

Answer 19

Skills are hard wired or innated to brain. Must trust observation

Question 20

Describe the view of Presocratics

Answer 20

Mark transition in Western culture. Rational thoughts. Aim to disclose Logos (underlying order of Cosmos).

Question 21

What did Thales say?

Answer 21

Proposed 1st theories based on critical reason & observation

Question 22

What was Pythagoras’ view?

Answer 22

Logos is mathematical, number and ratios have psychological properties

Question 23

What did Heraclitus say?

Answer 23

Senses are unreliable, Logos can be known through wisdom. Things are processes

Question 24

What viewpoint did Zeno, Parmenides take?

Answer 24

Trust in reason and mistrust in senses.

Question 25

Describe Descartes’ mind, body dualism

Answer 25

Rationalist, reasoning soul, questioned everything.

Question 26

What is the pervasive construct of Dualism?

Answer 26

Ontological distinction. Mind (res cogitans) and matter (res extensa) are different. Matter occupies space, but doesn’t think. Mind thinks, but doesn’t occupy space

Question 27

What are primary and secondary qualities?

Answer 27

Primary = Objective, physical world. Secondary = Subjective, mental life.

Question 28

Define Tabla Rasa

Answer 28

Mind is empty at birth, no innate ideas

Question 29

What was Locke’s work?

Answer 29

Views influential in American/French revolutions. World solely consists of matter in motion, Matter is qualities like mass, motion,

Question 30

What were Hume’s views?

Answer 30

Skepticism. Age of reason, argue from convictions. Scottish Enlightenment. Developed role of association, untrust of systematic doubt.

Question 31

Describe moral psychology and free will

Answer 31

Morality is felt, then reasoned. Free will = causality is an illusion. No core self

Question 32

What were Kierkegaard’s beliefs?

Answer 32

Existentialism, authenticity gives meaning to life. Embody spirit of enlightenment, sought to replace dogma with critical enquiry.

Question 33

What did Kant’s book illustrate?

Answer 33

About ideal education, that encouraged natural moral intelligence. Illustrated crucial principle of Enlightenment thought

Question 34

What were Kant’s main beliefs?

Answer 34

Perceptual experiences were not habitual beliefs. A priori categories which must already be in the mind, do not need experience to make judgements. Understand causation. There is a Transcendental/pure-self.

Question 35

What are overall differences between rationalism, empiricism and dualism?

Answer 35

Rationalism uses logic to understand world (Plato). Empiricism uses senses to interpret world (Aristotle). Dualism states mind and body are separate and different.