People and influences

Question 1

Parmenides

Answer 1

Stated ‘it is’ - observation can’t be trusted

Question 2

Presocratics

Answer 2

Disclose logos, expressed in silence, philosophy and religion. Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Parmenides (Zeno)

Question 3

Thales (presocratics)

Answer 3

Theories on critical reason and observation

Question 4

Pythagoras (presocratics)

Answer 4

Logos is mathematical, number and ratios have psychological properties.

Question 5

Heraclitus (presocratics)

Answer 5

Senses are unreliable, logos known through wisdom

Question 6

Parmenides - Zeno (presocratics)

Answer 6

Trist in reason, mistrust the senses

Question 7

Socrates

Answer 7

Know we have nothing, systematic questioning, concerned with politics/ethics

Question 8

Plato

Answer 8

Rationalism, knowledge derived by logic. Allegory of cave (only see shadows, urge to deny new reality). Mistrust observation, only know appearances. Tripartite mind - Logistikon (logic), Thumos (spirit/emotions), Epithumetikon (desires)

Question 9

Aristotle

Answer 9

Empiricist, founded Lyceum - observation is reliable, virtues are mean between 2 vices. Brain condenser for heated vapour, heat rose to top and escaped out of head

Question 10

Galen

Answer 10

Humourism (4 elements). Sanguine (blood, air, liver, courage, hope & love), melancholic (black bile, earth & spleen, sleepiness/irritation), choleric (yellow bile, fire, gall bladder, anger, phlegmatic (phlegm, matter/brain, rationality, dulls emotions)

Question 11

Thomas Aquines

Answer 11

Combined intellectual rigour with Christian faith. Developed analysis of causes

Question 12

Name philosophers of the cultural transition of 16th-19th century

Answer 12

Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Kierkegaard

Question 13

Descartes

Answer 13

Rationalist, reasoning soul who questioned everything. Mind and matter are different, how mind, body and senses interact. Pineal gland as important (endocrine gland that secretes melatonin)

Question 14

Locke

Answer 14

World consists solely of matter in motion, impact of qualities of senses leads to secondary qualities (subjective) and primary (objective)

Question 15

Hume

Answer 15

Scepticism, age of reason - argue from convictions. Scottish Enlightenment, role of association. Repeated instances do not justify ontological induction, never see causality we infer it.

Question 16

Kant

Answer 16

Book illustrated enlightenment theory, a priori categories already exist. Understand causation, don’t need experience to make judgement, transcendental self

Question 17

Kierkegaard

Answer 17

Existentialism, authenticity gives meaning to life. Embody spirit of Enlightenment

Question 18

Modern psychologists (1850-1900)

Answer 18

Weber, Fechner, Wundt, Helmholtz, Pavlov

Question 19

Weber

Answer 19

Focused on thresholds to measure sensitivity of senses. Only notice change when magnitude of change is bigger than critical fraction

Question 20

Helmholtz

Answer 20

Doctrine of mechanism (opposed to vitalism) - physiological processes are understandable in terms of physical/chemical properties. Measured rate of neural activity, in frogs = 25m per sec, humans = 50-100m per sec. Trichromatic theory, unconscious inference (perceptions contradict sensations)

Question 21

Wundt

Answer 21

Cultural psych, interested in language. Founder of experimental psych - study of mental life/consciousness. Systematic introspection

Question 22

Psychometrics psychologists

Answer 22

Galton, Binet, Spearman

Question 23

Galton

Answer 23

Fingerprint classification system, intelligence runs in families

Question 24

Binet

Answer 24

Tests in memory, imagination, comprehension, attention. Developed tests to identify those with mental handicaps - word associations, drawing & digit span

Question 25

Spearman

Answer 25

Rival to Binet, is general intelligence. Performance depended on single g ability/several s abilities

Question 26

Gall

Answer 26

Phrenology, comparative anatomist. Flaws of phrenology - shape of skull doesn’t reflect brain shape, assumed faculties depictured basic human characteristics

Question 27

Muller

Answer 27

Sensations were properties of NS, can trick nerves into experiencing things without external stimuli

Question 28

William James

Answer 28

Pragmatism - true beliefs are those the believer finds useful, functionalism

Question 29

Introspection

Answer 29

Internal & external observation. Problems - unverifiable, memory can play tricks with recollection. Criticisms - may not agree on introspection, can be classified as retrospection, imageless thoughts, perceive the stable world

Question 30

Mesmer + Charcot

Answer 30

Mesmer = mesmerism, Charcot = neurologist who used hypnosis

Question 31

Bruerer

Answer 31

Could reduce symptom severity, Anna O. Talking about memories alleviated symptoms, released repressed memories in unconscious

Question 32

Karen Horney

Answer 32

Felt sex & aggression were not primary constituents for personality. Social aspects, humanistic psychoanalyst. Feminist, tyranny of should (internalised beliefs from toxic environment)

Question 33

Carl Jung

Answer 33

Founded analytical psych, concepts of extraverted/introverted personality. Archetypes, collective unconscious, developed free association. Archetypes = wise old man, goddess, shadow, hero, anima, animus, persona

Question 34

Defence mechanisms

Answer 34

Repression, regression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, denial, sublimation, rationalism