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Module 4 - radiology > SUMMARY 2 > Flashcards

SUMMARY 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does position indicating device provide?

A

collimation

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2
Q

what do electrons contact that produces x-rays?

A

tungsten target

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3
Q

what dissipates heat?

A

copper rod

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4
Q

where do x-rays lie on the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

between ultraviolet radiation and gamma rays

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5
Q

what are electromagnetic waves packaged in to?

A

photons

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6
Q

what happens to photons?

A

produced by x-ray tube, scattered and absorbed by tissue.

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7
Q

what is attenuation?

A

how the x-ray beam weakens as it travels through matter

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8
Q

what are receptors?

A

digital sensors that produce image

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9
Q

what is a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules to create ions?

A

ionising radiation

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10
Q

in the x-ray tube, what is the cathode?

A

tungsten filament that produces electrons

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11
Q

in the x-ray tube, what is the anode?

A

tungsten target that converts electrons to photons

99% heat
1% photons

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12
Q

what is the glass for in an x-ray tube?

A

insultation

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13
Q

what is aluminium for in an x-ray tube?

A

filtration

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14
Q

what is lead for in an x-ray tube?

A

collimation - maintains a singular beam

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15
Q

what does exposure time impact?

A

beam intensity

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16
Q

what is mA?

A

tube current - flow of electrons through tube from filament to anode and then back

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17
Q

what is kVp?

A

tube potential - electrons from cathode to anode (generate photons)

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18
Q

what does aluminium do to act as a filter?

A

filters out low energy photons, reducing beam intensity - reduces dose, increasing image quality

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19
Q

how does collimation work?

A

lead barrier that reduces scatter by limiting the size of the beam to either circle or rectangle

20
Q

what does a SOD increase result in?

A

intensity decrease

21
Q

what does an IOD decrease result in?

A

sharper image, less magnification

22
Q

what is it called when incident photon contacts outer shell electron and becomes shattered photon, changing direction?

A

coherent scattering

23
Q

what is the result of coherent scattering?

A

decrease contrast

24
Q

what is it called when incident photon contacts inner electron and forms an ion pair?

A

photoelectric absorption

25
Q

what is the result of photoelectric absorption?

A

increase contrast

26
Q

what is it called when incident photon contacts an outer electron and forms an ion pair?

A

compton scattering

27
Q

what is the result of compton scattering?

A

decrease contrast

28
Q

explain the bisecting angle technique?

A

x-ray aimed perpendicular to bisector between long axis of tooth and long axis of receptor

29
Q

explain the paralleling technique

A

receptor placed parallel to long axis of tooth
x-ray perpendicular to long axis of tooth

30
Q

what intra oral technique is a bit more magnified?

A

paralleling

31
Q

what are the layers of an x-ray film?

A

base - flex plastic
film emulsion - silver halide crystals in gelatine
intensifying screen (in DPT) - coated with fluorescent phosphor

32
Q

what reaction results in a latent image?

A

silver halide crystals to reduced to neutral silver atoms

33
Q

what is a latent image?

A

invisible image

34
Q

what is converted into a visible image through chemical processing?

A

metallic silver

35
Q

what is radiolucency?

A

dark - photons pass through tissue to reach the film

36
Q

what is radioopacity?

A

light - photons attenuated and dont reach the film

37
Q

what is developing?

A

turning latent image to visible image

38
Q

what does the developing solution do?

A

converts crystals into metallic silver grains that are seen as dark on the image

39
Q

what does developing solution contain?

A

phenidone and hydroquinone

40
Q

what does phenidone do?

A

first electron donor that reduces silver ions to metallic silver at latent image

41
Q

what does hydroquinone do?

A

provides an electron to reduce oxidised phenidone to its original active state

42
Q

what is fixing?

A

washing away unexposed/ undeveloped silver grains

43
Q

what does fixer solution do?

A

removes unexposed silver halide crystals from emulsion, keeping the black metallic silver

44
Q

what does fixer solution contain?

A

ammonium thiosulphate - cleaning
aluminium salts - hardener
acetic acid - neutraliser
sodium sulphite - preservative
water - solvent

45
Q

what does washing do?

A

washes away residual chemicals

46
Q

what part of CCD/CMOS captures x-rays and displays image?

A

silicon sensor chip

47
Q

what part of the PSP plate captures x-rays?

A

barium fluorohalide

Module 4 - radiology (14 decks)

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