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Module 4 - radiology > radiology and radiography > Flashcards

radiology and radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What produces a radiograph image?

A

X-rays passing through an object and interacting with the photographic emulsion on a film

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2
Q

What do X-rays affect if a digital image is being formed?

A

A sensory or phosphor plate

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3
Q

When were radiographs first used?

A

1896

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4
Q

What are intra-oral X-ray types?

A

Bitewing (horizontal and vertical)
Periapical
Occlusal (maxilla and mandible)

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5
Q

What are extra oral X-ray types?

A

DPT
lateral cephalogram
Posters-anterior mandible
Lateral oblique mandible
Occipito-mental views of facial bones

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6
Q

In the atom, what does the nucleus contain?

A

Protons
neutrons

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7
Q

What orbits an atoms nucleus in energy shells?

A

Electrons

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8
Q

What is atomic mass number?

A

Proton number + neutron number

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9
Q

What are atoms with the same proton number but different neutron number?

A

Isotope

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10
Q

What are isotopes with unstable nuclei which undergo radioactive disintegration?

A

Radioisotope

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11
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom or molecule

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12
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negative charge when there are more electrons

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13
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positive charge if there are more protons

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14
Q

What are the 3 radioactive emissions?

A

Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays

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15
Q

What makes alpha particles?

A

2 protons
2 neutrons

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16
Q

What makes beta particles?

A

Electrons

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17
Q

What makes gamma rays?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

Order radioactive emissions by size

A

Alpha - large
Beta - small
Gamma - Nil

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19
Q

Order radioactive emissions by charge

A

Alpha - positive
Beta - negative
Gamma - nil

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20
Q

Order radioactive emissions by speed

A

Alpha - slow
Beta - fast
Gamma - very fast

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21
Q

Order radioactive emissions by penetration

A

Alpha - 1-2mm in tissue
Beta - 1-2cm in tissue
Gamma - pass through tissue

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22
Q

Order radioactive emissions by energy

A

Alpha - 4-8MeV
Beta - 100keV- 6MeV
Gamma - 1.24KeV - 12.4MeV

23
Q

Order radioactive emissions by damage potential

A

Alpha - extensive ionisation
Beta - ionisation
Gamma - ionisation

24
Q

What type of emission are dental X-rays?

A

DO NOT occur naturally and don’t involve radioactive decay
Identical to gamma rays - with lower energy values

25
Q

What are the properties of dental X-rays ?

A

No weight
No charge
Very fast
Cause ionisation

26
Q

What is X-ray generation ?

A

Converting one energy form (electricity) to another

27
Q

What X-rays show the crown to the apices of the root and clearly in between the teeth?

A

Periapicals

28
Q

What X-rays show the distal edge of the 4 to the mesial edge of the 8?

A

Bitewing

29
Q

What X-rays show bone but not entire root of tooth?

A

Vertical Bitewing

30
Q

What does a maxillary occlusal radiograph show?

A

Upper maxilla and anterior teeth

31
Q

What does a lower mandibular occlusal radiograph show?

A

Tooth bearing portion of mandible and floor of mouth

32
Q

How are DPT radiographs formed?

A

X-ray tube rotates around the patients head with a constant long exposure of 14 seconds

33
Q

What can make positioning of DPTs difficult?

A

Body shape

34
Q

What radiographs are used in orthodontics to assess the relationships of teeth to jaws and mandible to the rest of the facial skeleton?

A

Lateral Cephalogram

35
Q

What part of lateral cephalograms make them useful for surgical planning?

A

Soft tissue pattern of the nose and lips

36
Q

What radiographs are useful for showing a fracture of the mandible?

A

Postero-anterior mandible

37
Q

What radiographs are used for children that can’t tolerate a Bitewing?

A

Lateral oblique mandible

38
Q

What radiographs are the most common in first instance when a patient reports with a facial trauma?

A

Occipito-mental views of facial bones

39
Q

What do occipito-mental views of facial bones show?

A

Fractures of orbits, maxilla and zygomatic arches

40
Q

Why is it beneficial to take occipito- mental views erect?

A

Help demonstrate fluid levels in the antra

41
Q

What causes the difference between extra and intra oral radiographs?

A

The object distance from the receptor

42
Q

What are the clinical indications for periapical radiography?

A

Detection of apical infection
Evaluation of apical cysts/ other lesions in bone
Assessment of periodontal status
Post trauma
Assessment of root morphology prior to extractions
Assessment of eruption
Endodontics
Post and pre apical surgery
Implant evaluating

43
Q

What is a bisected angle?

A

Patient holds film

44
Q

What is the standard technique of choose when taking intraoral radiographs?

A

Paralleling

45
Q

What are disadvantages of holders?

A

Bulky - may not be tolerated by patient

46
Q

What are holders made up of?

A

Bite block
Indicator arm/ rod
Aiming ring

47
Q

What are the colours of holders and what are they used for?

A

Blue - anterior
Yellow - posterior
Red - Bitewings
Green - endo

48
Q

What part of the holder is the image taken on?

A

Receptor

49
Q

What are receptors?

A

Phosphor plates

50
Q

What should the vertical plane be parallel to?

A

Long axis of the tooth

51
Q

What must the horizontal plane of the film be parallel to?

A

Dental arch

52
Q

What position must the X-ray beam be in?

A

Right angle to the tooth and receptor

53
Q

What is the rectangular attachment at the end of the X-ray tube?

A

Collimator

Module 4 - radiology (14 decks)

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