Sudan & the Horn

Question 1

Importance of Upper Nile

Britain, France, Germany/Italy, Leopold II

Answer 1

Britain: Egyptian interests (agriculture) and ‘cape to cairo’
France: historical ties from napoleon and ‘dakar to djibouti’
Germany & Italy: regional ambitions
Leopold: congo connection

Question 2

Division of Somaliland

Answer 2

British Somaliland (north
Italian Somaliland (south) + eritrea
France: Djibouti

Question 3

Ethiopia

Answer 3

Much stronger: memory of a long and rich history
United under the ethiopian orthodox church

Question 4

Ethiopian Dynasty

Answer 4

Ruled from 12th to 20th c Claimed descendence from King Soloman
Menelik II: gained power w italian help (1887-89)

Question 5

Menelik II

Answer 5

Becomes emperor in1889
Conflict w Italy: refused a protectorate
1896: battle of Adwa, italian defeat (humiliating)
Friendship w france: alarms the brits - invade sudan from the north

Question 6

Marchand’s expedition

Answer 6

1896-98
Congo-Nile mission: increase french presence/friendhship
Raid of fashoda (South Sudan): defeat of mahdists and establishment of french protectorate

Question 7

Fashoda incident

Answer 7

1898
British reconquest of Sudan: claimed Sudan on behalf of egypt
French didn’t stand a chance

Question 8

Consequences of Fashoda

Marchand, Sudan, Ethiopia, alliance

Answer 8

Fashoda syndrome
Marchand goes home
Sudan: British-Egyptian condominuum
Ethiopia: unified by Menelik
End of French-British rivalry: entente cordiale (1904) - WWI