North Africa

Question 1

Pre-colonial algeria

Answer 1

Part of ottoman empire since 1517 but largely autonomous

Question 2

Cause: French occupation of algeria

Answer 2

Excuse of the fan affair, but really just to increase Charles X’s prestige
Continued indefinitely under louis-phillipe - fear that britain would fill the vaccum

Question 3

The Fan Affair

Answer 3

1827
Algerian ruler hit a french consul w his fan
France used this as an excuse to invade algeria in 1830

Question 4

French rule of Algeria

Answer 4

Initially weak and met w much resistance
1/3 of french army was deployed in algeria
Not a colony, but a de facto part of france - only french citizenship for non-muslims

Question 5

Abd al-Quadir

Answer 5

Most infamous algerian freedom fighter
At one point controlled his own territory that made up 2/3 of the state

Question 6

Pieds-noirs

Answer 6

French settlers in Algeria
Mostly soldiers and peasants who lived/cultivated on expropriated land
1960: 1 million pieds-noirs and 9 million natives

Question 7

Pre-colonial Tunisia

Answer 7

Ottoman in 1574 w some autonomy

Question 8

Occupation of Tunisia

Answer 8

1878: Awarded to france after russo-turkish war
French hesitancy: division after mexican experience and a pro-italian government
1881: french protectorate status after german/british pressure

Question 9

Egyptian autonomy from Ottomans

Answer 9

Growing political autonomy from the Ottomans following Napoleon’s campaign (1798-1801)
Employed their own viceroy after (Muhammad Ali) instead of an Ottoman official

Question 10

Egyptian economic dependence on europe

Answer 10

Economic integration: e.g. introduction of cotton in 1820, first cash crop
Suez canal: built by france with concessions, finished in 1869
Loans: to finance public works

Question 11

Egyptian debts

Answer 11

Egypt’s share of the Suez was sold to britain in 1875
Bankruptcy in 1876

Question 12

Casse de la dette publique

French and British in Egypt

Answer 12

French British co-rule
European commissions and ministers
Egyptian king became a puppet

Question 13

Islamic Insurrection in egypt

Answer 13

1881: led by Ahmed Arabi
Britain intervenes and defeats it in 82

Question 14

Egyptian protectorate

Answer 14

De facto british protectorate in 1882

Question 15

Egyptian occupation of Sudan

Answer 15

Muhammad Ali: North and central (1820)
Khedive Ismail: Darfur and south sudan
British: further south (between 1874-79)

Question 16

Mahdi Empire

Answer 16

1881:Muhammad Ahmad proclaims himself the mahdi (messianic figure)
1883: conquest of territory
1884: Gordon returns to defend Khartoum
1885: fall of Khartoum and Gordon’s death