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3032 > SUD > Flashcards

SUD Flashcards

1
Q

the MOST common drug of choice in Aus is __________ . Most common illicit drug us ___________.

A

Alcohol; Cannabis

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2
Q

The majority of the harms associated with substance use arise from substance use disorders.

T/F

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Diagnosis of a SUD requires person to have _______ symptom count and __________ duration

A

2+ ; 1 year

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4
Q

What are the classification changes related to SUD in the DSM-5?

A

Condensed to one diagnosis, from ‘substance abuse + substance dependence’ because of a lack of reliability. Limited evidence for differential diagnosis

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5
Q

DSM-5’s newest criteria for SUD is__________

A

craving for substance

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6
Q

Gambling disorder is a new addition to the DSM-5

T/F

A

TRUE

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7
Q

DSM-5 categories of SUD are;

a) depressants, stimulants, gambling
b) legal, prescription, illicit
c) alcohol, opioid, tobacco

A

C) alcohol, opioid, tobacco

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8
Q

Severity scales for SUD -

a) mild-1-3, mod - 3-5, severe - 5+
b) mild 2-3, mod 4-5, severe 6+
c) mild 2-3, mod 4-6, severe 6+

A

B) b) mild 2-3, mod 4-5, severe 6+

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9
Q

Which one is INCORRECT about withdrawal;

a) it is one of the physiological symptoms of SUDs
b) separate withdrawal syndromes are defined for each substance in the DSM-5.
c) it involves needing a greater dose to achieve desired results
d) is associated with stopping or reducing the amount of substance use

A

C - this is a symptom of TOLERANCE, other physiological symptom of SUD.

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10
Q

Alcohol use disorders are most common in;

a) 18+
b) 16-24
c) 25-40
d) 40+

A

B

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11
Q

The National Health Research Council recommends __________ to reduce lifetime prevalence of alcohol related injury/disease, and __________ to reduce chances of injury on a single occasion

A

Less than 2 drinks a day;

Less than 4 drinks a day

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12
Q

Lifetime + occasion alcohol abuse is equal among gender

T/F

A

False, both more common in MALES

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13
Q

Recent findings suggest that the gender gap in alcohol use disorder is closing, which demographic is recommended for early intervention?

A

Young females

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14
Q

How does Ethnicity // home country influence AUD

A

Those from non-English speaking countries of birth are 3X less likely to get AUD

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15
Q

How much is classified as 1 standard drink?

A

10mg pure alcohol

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16
Q

List some factors that blood alcohol concentration depends on

A
  • Volume consumed
  • Amount ingested at a time
  • Weight + body fat
  • Amount of food in stomach
  • Efficiency of liver
  • Genetics
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17
Q

What produces the relaxing effect of alcohol?

A

alcohol x GABA interaction. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, stimulation = ‘relaxing effect’

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18
Q

What produces the pleasurable effects of alcohol?

A

Increases in DA + 5-HT

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19
Q

What causes the cognitive deficits associated with short-term alcohol consumption?

A

Glutamate receptor inhibition

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20
Q

Long term alcohol consumption is associated with;

a) digestion of food and absorption of vitamins
b) deficiency of B-complex vitamins
c) structural and functional brain changes
d) all the above

A

D - ALL

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21
Q

Cirrhosis is _____________

A

Liver disease after prolonged AUD, cells get enlarged with protein & fat, leads to cell death, inflammation and loss of blood flow

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22
Q

Foetal alchohol syndrome is associated with;

a) mild drinking in pregnancy
b) moderate drinking in pregnancy
c) heavy drinking in pregnancy
d) none of above

A

C - heavy drinking

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23
Q

Key gestational features and abnormalities associated with FAS

A

Slowed foetal growth, behavioural + emotional issues, facial, cranial, limb abnormalities

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24
Q

The largest preventable cause of death in Australia is ________________

A

Smoking

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25
Q

Tobacco smoke is made up of few substances that are addictive
T/F

A

False, contains more tha 4,000 vapours + chemicals with Nicotine being the most addictive psychoactive one

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26
Q

INCORRECT one is;

a) prevalence of daily smokers has decreasing
b) Age of onset of smoking declining
c) Average number of cigarettes smoked a day declining
d) They are all true

A

B - age of onset is elevating

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27
Q

Are there consequences associated with secondhand smoke?

A

Yes - more ammonia, carbon monoxide,nicotine, tar

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28
Q

Why are e-cigarettes regarded as a safer alternative?

A

Do not have to contain Nicotine, but those that do, do not contain tar and carbon monoxide

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29
Q

Purchase, possession and importing e-cigarettes is legal in Australia
T/F

A

False, all illegal

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30
Q

The main distinction between cannabis and hashish is ______________

A

Hashish is more potent, different preparation

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31
Q

What is the research consensus on cannabis being a gateway drug?

A

NOT true, no causal link established though heroin + cocaine users do report using this first

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32
Q

What causes the learning + memory deficits associated with cannabis use?

A

Cannabis affect on the CB1 + CB2 receptors in the hipocampus

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33
Q

Why was cannabis considered non-additive?

A

didnt have any visible withdrawal effects

34
Q

What is the consensus on medical cannabis in Aus

A

Legal, but limited. NSW - palliative care only. VIC - children with epilepsy

35
Q

What are the most common opiates used in Aus

A

Prescription pain killers

36
Q

Men are more likely to be in tmt for __________ opioids

Females are more likely to be in tmt for ____________ opioids

A

oxycodone + fentanyl;

codeine

37
Q

The body naturally produces opioids

T/F

A

True - endorphins and enkephalins

38
Q

How are the pleasurable effects of opioids achieved?

A

Bind to opioid receptors in the brain, may engage the DA system

39
Q

List some withdrawal symptoms of THC abuse;

A

irritability, anxiety; sleep difficulty (e.g., insomnia, disturbing dreams); decreased appetite // weight loss;
restlessness; depressed mood; physical symptoms causing significant discomfort i.e abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills or headache

40
Q

Which illicit drug/ class of drugs has the greatest burden of disease

A

Heroin + opiates

41
Q

When do opiate withdrawal symptoms begin to wane

A

5-10 days

42
Q

Amphetamines are natural stimulants; cocaine is a synthetic stimulant
T/F

A

False, other way around

43
Q

Stimulants;

a) motor activity + alertness
b) memory + processing speed
c) problem solving + reduce sleepiness
d) both A and C

A

A

44
Q

Does caffeineimprove cognitive functioning?

A

No, for all - low, med, high drinkers

45
Q

How to amphetamines produce pleasurable effects

A

Stimulate norepinepherine + DA release and block their reuptake.

46
Q

The mot common type and form of stimulant is________

A

Methamphetamine; crystal

47
Q

Crystal form of methamphetamine has the advantage of

A

Being more potent, lasting longer

48
Q

Which gender population is more vulnerable to meth addiction?

A

MEN

49
Q

Describe some cognitive deficits associated with long term meth use

A 
memory 
poor decision making 
paaranoia
psychosis 
depression
50
Q

What is the most popular type and method of using cocaine in Aus

A

Snorting powder

51
Q

Which population most vulnerable to cocaine use

A

Young males

52
Q

Why do some people die from cocaine from a relatively low dose

A

is a vasoconstrictor so can incr chance of stroke + heart attack

53
Q

What are the effects of prenatal cocaine use

A

Smaller frontal lobe + smaller areas controlling cognitive control & emotion regulation

54
Q

What is SUD called a developmental process

A

begin with a positive attitude towards a substance, then start to experiment with using it, then begin using it regularly, then use it heavily and finally become dependent on it

55
Q

Describe evidence for genetic aetiology of SUD

A

Monozyg twin concordance - predicts a generalised risk factor for any SUD, not substance specific

56
Q

the vulnerability model proposes _____________ whereas the toxic effect model ______________

A

there is a predisposing factor in DA system making select person vulnerable to SUD;
SUD causes changes to the DA system

57
Q

Incentive sensitisation theory proposes

A

transition from liking to wanting drug, through the hypersensitisation of DA system this shift maintains addiction

58
Q

SUD cues elicit responses like those associated with actually using the drug + activates reward + pleasure centres.
T/F

A

True

59
Q

Valuing short-term association with _________activation, whereas long-term activation linked to ___________activation

A

Amygdala, nucleus accumbens;

PFC

60
Q

Are on drugs taken to reduce stress?

A

Research says yes, either alleviate negative emotions or follow a negative life stressor

61
Q

Does smoking reduce tension?

A

Depends how long person has been a smoker.
New smokers report greater stress reduction.
Greatest stress reduction response was following abstinence, (compared to other stressors)

May also be effect of inhalation process and not actual nicotine intake

62
Q

What are the psychological factors that contribute to drug taking behaviours?

A

Personality, expectations, mood alteration

63
Q

How do expectations affect drug use?

A

expectation that alcohol to reduce stress + anx predicts increased use
Expectation that drinking will increase sociability predicts increased alco consumption

64
Q

Which types of personality traits have been associated with binge drinking?

A

Neurotic - anx + depression, hopelessness

Disinhibitory - impulsivity, sensation seeking

65
Q

Which type of intervention has been proposed for reducing alcohol related harms

A

Personality based

66
Q

What are the 2 general socio-cultural theories regarding social setting and drug taking?

A

social influence model- person’s social network predicts individual drinking
social selection model - individual drinking predicts subsequent social network drinking

67
Q

How do distractions affect tension reduction in drug taking

A

Tension reduction is more likely to occur when distractions are present because person is not so concentrated on stressors

68
Q

OVERALL drug use results from;

A
  • high need for stimulation

* expectancies that drugs will increase positive affect.

69
Q

Withdrawal management used _______ hours after last use, involves _________

A

6-12h;
Ambulatory; residential-based; inpatient.
Psychoeducation, counselling, nutrition / rehydration,

70
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy associated with deficiency of ____________

A

Thiamine, B1

71
Q

Contingency management is a _________ type of therapy and involves __________

A

Cognitive-behavioural;
Reinforces behaviours inconsistent with drug taking, teaches avoidance of situations associated with drinking, job hunting; TOKEN ECONOMY

72
Q

Relapse prevention teaches_____

A

lapse is not a total RELAPSE, instead should be a learning experience. Assertion training

73
Q

Contrast naltrexone and acomprostate treatments for AUD

A

Naltrexone - binds to receptors + blocks effects of endorphins (natural opioids) which alcohol stimulates = reduces cravings
Acamprosate - attaches to GABA + glutamate receptors. Reduces cravings

74
Q

Disulfiram works by ____________

A

making you sick

75
Q

What is the MOST effective tmt for smoking

A

Doctor telling you to stop

76
Q

What is the purpose of NRT

A

Deliver nicotine in way that minimises carcinogen intake, reduce withdrawal symptoms

77
Q

Are e-cigarettes effective way to stop smoking

A

No

78
Q

What is the current treatment for cocaine abuse?

A

Desipramine + CBT.
Medication good for LOW dependence
CBT good for HIGH dep.

79
Q

Antagonists _________________whereas agonists ____________

A

drug binding + blocking NT activity;

drug binding + mimicking effects of substance

80
Q

Broad categories of heroin tmt ___________

A

Heroin substitute - methadone / suboxone

Opiate antagonist - Naltrexone, blocks effects of heroin

81
Q

Prenatal exposure to cannabis leads to changes in the ___________ whereas tobacco exposure leads to _________ chnages

A

Cannabis - altered DA receptor expression

Tobacco - altered opioid transporter expression

82
Q

Which areas of the brain get activated with nicotine?

A

locus coeruleus
frontal lobes
cingulate gyrus

3032 (12 decks)

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