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3032 > History, ethics assmt > Flashcards

History, ethics assmt Flashcards

1
Q

Factors of a psychological disorder

A
  • Impacts life through causing distress + disability in function (not all though)
  • Degree of threat or danger that specific behaviours bear on self or community
  • deviate from social norm
  • frequent enough to be maladaptive/harmful
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2
Q

What is the problem with Wakefield (1992) description of abnormal psychology as ‘harmful dysfunction’

A

what is harmful determined by norms, but ‘dysfunction’ may be difficult to determine because we don’t know what constitutes ‘normal’ processes in
some functions

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3
Q

Deviation from social norms + distress equate to a mental illness
T/F

A

False - feminism may have been abnormal 50 years ago.

Personality disorders may not be distressing to client etc.,

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4
Q

Abnormality definition depends on________ factors

A
  • Deviance
  • Distress
  • Dysfunction
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5
Q

In the stone age, philosophers believed that a ‘troubled mind’ was caused by __________ and treated with________

A

unhappy gods // possession by evil demons (demonology);

trephination (boring hole into skull).

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6
Q

What is the significance of triphenation _______

A

Means that early assumptions of MI were able to draw association between issues in the brain and presenting abnormalities.

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7
Q

What was Hippocrates contribution to psychology?

A

Separated medicine from religion –> suggested that, there were 4 substances for physical + mental health. Imbalances in these in body, lead to illness THEREFORE

  1. Behaviour is greatly affected by bodily functions
  2. Abnormal behaviour caused by chemical imbalances
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8
Q

The middle ages are associated with__________ MH tmt

A

Rise of the church-belief that MH has supernatural cause. Introduced asylums + seemed to work bc ‘less crazy people out’

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9
Q

Pinel enabled____________

A

moral tmt that gave rise for more liveable conditions @asylum and encouraged patients to partake in meaningful activities after he was committed to one himself

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10
Q

Describe some of the biological causes of MH assumed in 20th cent.

A

Germ theory- suggestion of Syphilis’ association with pathogens disrupting brain activity lead to considering if other pathogens could be associated with MH
Eugenics - Galton started nature//nurture debate, prohibited those with MI to marry and reproduce to not infect gene pool

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11
Q

DSM-5 states that psych disorder is__________

A

Involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling or behaving. Involves distress + dysfunction. Is not a culture specific reaction to an event. Is not primarily a result of social deviance

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12
Q

DSM-5 criteria is criticised bc;

A

a) diagnoses are categorical - do or dont have when it is KNOWN that hey occur on spectrum.
b) Implies that we need to medicalise aspects that are normal i.e. some anxiety is ok
c) increasing number of categories with more DSM’s, TOO much?
d) low inter-rater reliability
e) does not advise CAUSES / predict tmt response

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13
Q

Stigma is __________

A

destructive beliefs + attitudes held by society that are ascribed to groups considered
different

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14
Q

Characteristics of stigma____________

A
  1. Label is applied to group that distinguishes them from others (crazy)
  2. Label linked to undesirable traits in society (crazy people are dangerous)
  3. Labels widen gap between ‘us’ and ‘them’ (we are not like those crazy people)
  4. Labelled people are discriminated against unfairly (we can’t have an institution for ‘them’ in our suburb)
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15
Q

Perceived stigma is __________ whereas self stigma is _________

A

how one perceives the attitudes of

others towards MI; extent to which one ACCEPTS the negative attitudes held by others about themselves

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16
Q

Breuer’s ‘catharsis’ refers to ___________

A

process of talking about unconscious feelings, earlier emotional trauma. Apparently alleviates people’s symptoms by describing them to therapist.

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17
Q

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is based on ________ assumption

A

-Catharsis enabling access of parts of self that are ‘inaccessible to awareness’.
-psychopathology is caused by unresolved unconscious
conflict.

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18
Q

What approach to MI is encouraged today?

A

Medical model encompassing biopsychosocial factors

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19
Q

Benefits of diagnosis______________

A
  • Client making sense of symptoms
  • Easier for clinicians to ID symptoms that cluster together and label as part of a whole
  • Advances the search for causes and TMT’s so can address issue holistically
  • Summarises complex data and eases comm b/w clinicians
  • Provides info about likely course of a MI with/out TMT
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20
Q

Limitations of diagnosis__________

A

where to do we place arbitrary cut-offs i.e. <70 ID

21
Q

Which is INCORRECT;

a) ICD covers all physical and mental illnesses
b) ICD is mainly used in Australian healthcare
c) ICD is more comprehensive than DSM
d) ICD is currently in 11th ed.

A

C - incorrect. DSM more comprehensive

22
Q

Describe some major changes to DSM 5 from IV

A

a) Removal of multiaxial system = asked to
diagnose with psychiatric /medical terms
b) Organising diagnoses by CAUSE i.e. OCD was
listed under anx disorders but now hasown
chapter bc has more neural and genetic correlates
c) Enhanced sensitivity about developmental
nature of psychopathology. Childhood info included in standard ch to show disease trajectory
d) new diagnoses
e) some disorders combined bc limited reliability

23
Q

The new disorders of the DSM-5 are____________

A 
gambling disorder, 
binge-eating disorder, 
hoarding disorder, 
disruptive mood dysregulation, 
premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
24
Q

The aim of reformulating the DSM is to __________

A

More comprehensive info for more reliable/valid

Reduce reliability on subjective clinical judgement i.e. symptom count + duration of symptoms

25
Q

Compare Id, Ego, Superego

A

Id- primary needs i.e. food. Pleasure principle - seeks immediate gratification of needs through unconscience i.e. infant sucking reflex
Ego- develops 6-12 mths of life, conscious (unlike Id). Operates on reality principle by
mediating what is real with what the Id wants.
Superego - conscience. Develops throughout childhood as child observes + inherits values of parents

26
Q

Freud proposed that personality develops through 4 psychosexual stages;

A
  1. Oral stage – birth -18mths, feeding, biting,
  2. Anal stage – 18mths -3 years.
  3. Phallic stage – 3-5/6 years.
    Latency period 6-12 years where Id plays little role in motivating behaviour
  4. Genital stage – 12 onwards
27
Q

‘fixations’ may arise if ___________ and appear later in life when ___________

A

exposure to excessive or deficient environmental stimulation / gratification in X stage;
times of stress, adult would regress to these fixations.

28
Q

Defence mechanisms serve to_____________

A

Protect the ego from anxiety in times of discomfort // when trying to compromise between Id
and Superego

29
Q

Interpretation technique and analysis of transference are Psychoanalytic techniques. Describe them

A

1) therapist points out meaning of X behaviour
2) client responds to therapist in a way they have responded to X important figure in their life. Therapist helps person understand + interpret these

30
Q

Jung is an _____________ psychologist. Describe core features of his theory.

A

Analytical;
Collective unconscious,
Archetypes (basic categories we have to classify world i.e. fem/masc);
Catalogued personality traits – introversion/extraversion.

31
Q

Adlers approach stresses____________

A
  • role of society,
  • fulfilment was achieved by doing social good.
  • Focus on helping change illogical ideas and make them think more rationally = more adaptive
32
Q

Heritability refers to a % of how much of a person’s
disorder is due to genes
T/F

A

False - in a POPULATION, how much variability is accounted for by genetics

33
Q

Behavioural genetics studies _________ whereas Molecular genetics________

A

degree to which genes and enviro influence behaviour; identifies genes and their functions

34
Q

Does shared or non-shared environment play the bigger role in development of psychopathology

A 
non-shared. individual can form unique;
 Child-parent relationship
 Coping strategies
 Temperaments
 Self esteem
35
Q

publication bias is ______________

A

where only the positive trials are published. Leading

to sensationalised findings that may lack validity.

36
Q

Neuroscience paradigm states that ___________ whereas genetic one says ______________

A

psychopathology is caused by adverse processing in brain + NS;
Pathology arises from interaction of genes + enviro

37
Q

Over-prescription of drugs has become an issue in Aus, this may be ascribed to a shift towards ___________

A

Reductionism - need to reduce

pathology to its most basic constituents

38
Q

Cognitive therapies suggest __________

A

the way people think of self, world, their future is a major determinant in the dpmt of psychopathology;

39
Q

Cognitive therapies aim to______________

A

 Make client aware of their maladaptive thoughts

 Help change maladaptive feelings behaviours, symptoms

40
Q

Describe Ellis’s approach to MI

A

sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to
themselves. Can include their assumptions +irrational beliefs about what is needed for meaningful
life.

41
Q

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) aims to ____________

A

eliminate self-defeating beliefs, NOT resulting consequences.i.e. ‘I am worthless’ stems from the internal belief that ‘I must be perfect’ which is what therapist treats

42
Q

Beck’s cognitive approach states that

A

psychopathology caused by; faulty cognitive content + distorted information processing (cognitive distortions) & self-schemas - can develop in childhood and therapy examines how these are manifested in daily life.

43
Q

CBT aims to ___________

A

increase awareness of irrational thoughts + behaviour patterns preceding distress via COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING

44
Q

Cogntive restructuring reshapes thouhts by ____________

A

tracking daily function/thoughts and then trying to understand the underlying cognitive biases and schemas that shape this.  healthy behaviour and thinking styles are set for ‘homework’.

45
Q

CBT has been effective for ____________ diseases

A

depr/anx, schizo, also helps with other chronic illnesses i.e. cardiovascular, diabetes etc.,

46
Q

Clinical interviews deviate from a typical conversation_____________

A

therapist pays close attention to respondent’s answers/silences, + emotions while answering.

47
Q

Which is INCORRECT;

a) are prescriptive
b) are less reliable
c) response to one qs determines nature of next,
d) incl ratings of severity

A

B

48
Q

When using structured interviews, less likely to over-diagnose clients with alternate backgrounds.
T/F

A

True

49
Q

Which is INCORRECT;

a) DSM includes 25 culture bound syndromes
b) DSM describes cultural and ethnic factors for each disorder
c) DSM is limited in explanation of how symptoms vary by culture
d) DSM advises not to diagnose if X behaviour is not problematic in clients culture

A

C- false. Talks about how diff symptoms may be described by certain cultures

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