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3032 > mood disorders > Flashcards

mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

which is INCORRECT, regarding MDD;

a) it is associated with high striatal activation in response to reward
b) twin studies show a moderate genetic component
c) genome wide association studies have not found any candidate genes for MDD
d) a short allele of the 5-HT transporter gene predisposes you to MDD after stressful life event

A

A - LOW striatal activation relating to rewards

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2
Q

having a short 5-HT transporter gene can predispose you to having

A

greater negative tendencies, cognitions because of compromised serotonin function

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3
Q

The 3 NT’s associated with mood disorders are

A

Norepinepherine
5-HT
DA

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4
Q

Past research focused on ___________regarding NT’s whereas modern research looks at ____________

A

the sheer AMOUNT of NT; response of these NT and their behaviour in the synaptic cleft

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5
Q

Describe the process of tricyclic AD’s and how they differ from SSRI

A

NT’s get released into the synapse, and naturally get sponged back in via pump, so that not all of it reaches receptor sites. Tricyclics block the reuptake of NT, whereas SSRI’s speciifcially block reuptake of 5-HT = more in synapse/receptor sites.

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6
Q

People with depression have less DA ergic activity and respond less to drugs increasing DA (T/F)

A

True

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7
Q

bipolar clients often have reduced levels of DA accounting for their depressive symptoms (T/F)

A

FALSE - highly sensitive to DA because of a sensitised reward system, may trigger hypo/mania

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8
Q

Trytophan is a;

a) 5-HT precursor
b) Norepinepherine precursor
c) antidepressant
d) neurotransmitter

A

A

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9
Q

Which is INCORRECT regarding 5-HT;
a) Serotonin is thought to regulate emotional reactivity
b) Serotonin receptors are more sensitive in bipolar clients
c) serotonin levels regulate negative effect
none of the above

A

B - LESS sensitive in MDD + bipolar = less emotional reactivty, flatter affect overall

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10
Q

Amygdala action is ________in mood disorders whereas hipppocampus function is _________

A

Increased; decreased

In MDD amygdala action is elevated in response to negative images = greater risk assessment

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11
Q

loss of motivation in MDD is associated with_________

A

Reduced stratum activation

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12
Q

The anterior cingulate, hippocampus and dorsolateral PFC do ___________in MDD

A

Emotional regulation , which is compromised

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13
Q

the HPA axis involves ____________glands

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, atrenocortical

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14
Q

The major hormone linked with HPA-Axis is__________ and regulates__________. In MDD this is _____active

A

Cortisol, stress; HYPERactive in MDD

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15
Q

Cushing syndrome is

A

When there is an excessive secretion of cortisol, gives depression like symptoms

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16
Q

the consequences of long term cortisol excess;

a) no consequences
b) damage to hippocampal volume
c) longevity predicts severity of next depressive episode
d) both B and C

A

D

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17
Q

expressed emotions relate to___________ and _______the chances of MDD expression/relapse

A

family members making critical comments towards person with MDD/ being over emotional; INCREASES

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18
Q

Which psychological factor is MOST associated with MDD? What does it share an aetiology with_________

A

Neuroticism - tendency for someone to feel persistent negative affect; also common trait to GAD + PTSD

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19
Q

Becks theory of depression centres around a negative triad, these are ___________

A

negative thoughts about self, world, future

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20
Q

how does Beck describe the cause of MDD

A

Person has a negative triad + NEGATIVE SCHEMAS based on poor childhood experiences, which operate on an unconscious level. When person encounters a life stressor, rely on COGNITIVE BIASES (result of learned schemas)

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21
Q

How does MDD affect information processing

A

Focus more on negative stimuli, remember more of it

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22
Q

Seligman’s theory of depressions emphasises__________ as the major cause of it

A

Hopelessness

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23
Q

hopelessness relates to MDD manifestation if person attributes outcomes to _______________

A

GLOBAL + STABLE features i.e.
I am stupud (global) vs I am tired
I lack all maths ability (stable) vs I am fed up with homework

24
Q

The 2 dimensions of helpelesness theory are

A

stable / unstable

global / specific

25
Q

How is hopelessnes measured?

A

Atrribution style questionnaire (ASQ) - Prediction of depressive symptoms if students attribute low grades to global and stable factors= hopelessness

26
Q

Rumination theory suggests that

A

Rumination - tendency to dwell repetatively on SAD experiences. More common in WOMEN, those who do it = more negative mood

27
Q

What is the evolutionary purpose of rumination? is there one?

A

YES - for risk management, problem solving. Our way of trying to control life’s negative stressors

28
Q

2 psychological predictors of mania ;

A

a) reward sensitivity

b) sleep DEPRIVATION = more tired, more prone to experiencing mania

29
Q

Depression in bipolar does not share the same aetiology as in MDD (T/F)

A

False

30
Q

Psychological treatment for depression is typically recommended for ____________ duration

A

Weekly sessions 2-4 months

31
Q

IPT for depression aims to____________ and does so by_______

A

examine existing IPT problems i.e. role transition, communication, identify feelings about the issue and work to resolve it

32
Q

the idea that cognitive biases and negative schemas contribute to depression is part of ___________therapy

A

CBT

33
Q

CBT entails ______________ steps

A

a) Educating person that negative thoughts influence mood + actions
b) client understanding connection between neg self-talk & behaviour
c) may be asked to complete homework i.e. monitoring mood, ID triggers
d) therapist challenges negative self beliefs

34
Q

CBT is __________ effective whereas computerised CBT is ___________ effective

A

Moderate, lasts outside of therapy;

mixed results

35
Q

Behavioural activation involves ____________, but first the individual must ___________

A

increasing social interaction; must challenge negative self talk or socialisation may make it worse

36
Q

Couples therapy may help MDD by_____________ and is _________ effective compared to individual therapy

A

Improving communication; EQUALLY

37
Q

Examples of third wave cognitive therapies are

A

Dialectical behavioural therapy
Mindfulness based CBT
acceptance + commitment therapy
decenter and diffuse therapy

38
Q

decenter and diffuse perspective emphasises

A

thoughts are an event, rather than a true reflection of self. Instead of struggling with them, accept and detach from them. LOW EFFICACY

39
Q

Bipolar tmt is often psychological (T/F)

A

False - but still recommended

40
Q

The main benefit of psychoeducation is

A

ADHERENCE to medication, especially if currently asymptomatic

41
Q

Interpersonal and Social Rhythm therapy (IPSRT) tries to

A

Stabilise ROUTINE in persons life + circadian rhythms

42
Q

The 2 dominant biological treatments for bipolar are

A

Electroconvulsive therapy + meds

43
Q

the process of ECT involves

A

inducing small seizure by placing electrodes on non dominant side of head with 70-130v. Done while person is asleep, given muscle relaxants, need 6-12 tmts over several days

44
Q

When is ECT recommended?

A

not responsive to meds

psychosis present

45
Q

The major classes of AD’s given for depressive symptoms are

A

MOA inhibitors
SSRI
SNRI
Tricyclic AD

46
Q

The recommended course of AD is___________ during this time, the dosage should ________ adjusted

A

12 months; NOT be adjusted and stay the same as they were during acute symptoms to prevent relapse

47
Q

Antidepressants are not more effective than placebos for mild-moderate MDD symptoms (T/F)

A

TRUE

48
Q

What is the order of treatment regarding MDD meds?

A

a) try SSRI - citalopram

b) if doesn’t work / side efx, SWAP or ADD another med or recommend CBT

49
Q

The MOST effective and LEAST effective AD’s are

A

SSRI’s - least side efc, MOAi least + have most side efx

50
Q

TMS may be attempted if

A

2+ meds have FAILED. Tries to increase activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (emotion regulation). TMT lasts 30 mins for <10 days BUT coil often placed to wrong area

51
Q

Which is INCORRECT;

a) combination therapy of psych + meds produces same effects as standalone
b) meds act faster than therapy
c) Psychotherapy advantage is teaching skills that may be used externally
d) none of above

A

A - combination works BEST

52
Q

Which is INCORRECT;

a) lithium is a mood stabiliser
b) lithium targets depressive symptoms
c) lithium is often taken with other medications
d) body’s lithium levels should be monitored

A

B - helpful for mild depression but mainly used for MANIA.

53
Q

Anticonvulsant Antipsychotic meds may be used when litihum is inneffective or side fx too high BUT a risk is

A

increased suicidal ideation

54
Q

difference between TMS and DBS is

A

TMS in non-invasive whereas DBSinvovles INSERTION of electrode

55
Q

the MOST common method of suicide is. In men this is _______, in women this is_____________

A

guns;

guns/hanging; overdose

56
Q

Leading cause of death in Aboriginal populations;

a) alcohol use disorder
b) opioid use disorder
c) tobacco use disorder
d) suicide

A

D

57
Q

Steps of preventing suicide

A

a) treat psych disorder w therapy meds
b) treat suicidal thoughts directly by ID triggers, problem solving skills to overcome triggers/hopelessness
c) policy approaches i.e. destigmatise, awareness, in at-risk pop’s

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