Successes and challenges of control in Egypt Flashcards
1
Q
Successes in Egypt of British rule ( all reasons )
A
- Administration
- Finances/ Economy
- Projects/social impact
- Military changes
- Education
- Tourism
2
Q
Challenges in Egypt of British rule ?
A
- The Capitulations
- The Caisse de la Dette
- The mixed courts
3
Q
How was administration of Egypt successful ?
A
- Despite Egypt having a partially elected parliament, all Egyptian governments had the ‘ support ‘ of a British advisor.
If the government resisted British advice or interference they could be dismissed. - In 1885 there were about 100 Britons in government, by 1905 there were over 1000.
4
Q
How was British power and control ensure through the administration
A
- All Egyptian government officials needed the ‘ support’ of a British adviser. If British advice or interference was resisted, they could be dismissed.
5
Q
What financial problems did Egypt have ?
A
- khedive Isma’il had accumulated £70 million in debt
6
Q
How did Britain improve the financial situation in Egypt ?
A
- Baring made setbacks to Egypt’s military and bureaucracy.
- Baring revitalised the economy by improving communications and investing in irrigation schemes.
- Britain encouraged more trade, within 10 years, exports of cotton and sugar had treble.
- Lower taxation and new- found prosperity
7
Q
What projects did the British introduce and what social impact did British rule have ?
A
- Improved conditions for Egyptian labourers, introduced better sanitation and health services in towns.
- Aswan Dam was built.It was 18 miles high, a quarter mile long and took 6 years to build and cost £2 million.It was to hold back the waters of the Nile.It opened in 1902 and enabled half a million acres of former desert to be irrigated with water from its reservoir, thus enabling year- round circulation
- Britain improved infrastructure and invested in the area.
8
Q
What military changes did the British make to ensure British control ?
A
- 6000 British troops were placed within it to ensure British interests were not jeopardised
9
Q
Changes to education the British made ?
A
- Egyptians rarely offered more than a few years of elementary schooling.
- 1909 a university was founded
10
Q
Why were the British cautious about education ?
A
- The British were cautious of offering high education as they had seen the effects of raised expectations in India - (led to nationalism)
11
Q
How did the British create tourism ?
A
- Baring oversaw the rapid expansion of modern tourism.
- Thomas Cook and Son became Egypt’s largest employer- providing jobs in hotels, houseboats and excursions.
- Egypt became popular for wealthy Britons to ‘ winter’ in Egypt - good for the economy
12
Q
Who gained from British administration in Egypt and who gained less ?
A
- Egyptian upper classes generally benefitted.
- Britain didn’t;t help the unemployed/poor, failed to promote the cloth making industry, which would have created jobs
13
Q
Who were the Capitulations ?
A
- All foreigners in Egypt came under regulations known as the Capitulations, privileges granted by the Sultan to protect Europeans from the Muslim laws against Chritianity
14
Q
How were Capitulations a problem ?
A
- A foreigner could claim the right to be tried in his own country’s law courts and any new Egyptian laws affecting Europeans had to be approved by the government of all countries represented in Egypt, which slowed down law making.
15
Q
What was the Caisse de la Dette ?
A
- included Austria, Hungary, France, Germany, Russia, Italy as well as Britain. They controlled Egypt’s finances
