Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Flashcards
how many people in the US have ever used and illegal substance?
more than 100 million
what percentage of HS seniors have used an illegal drug within the past month?
24%
define drug
any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds
the term ____ is now frequently used in place of “drug”
substance
____ _____ may cause temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought
substance intoxication
describe alcohol intoxication- 5
poor judgement, mood change, irritable, slurred speech, poor coordination
hallucinogen intoxication is aka
hallucinosis
hallucinogen intoxication consists of- 2
perceptual distortions and hallucination
substance use disorder- define-
long term, maladaptive behaviors, repeated use of substances, damage to family, work, danger
substance use disorder is ____ term
long
substance intoxication is ___ term
short
define tolerance
need increased doses of substance to produce desired effect
define withdrawl
occur when person suddenly stops taking substance, unpleasant and dangerous symptoms
what amount and percentage of people in US have a substance use disorder each year?
8.9%, 23 million`
_____ ____ have the highest rate of substance use disorder, __%
american Indians, 21.8%
name the four main drug categories
depressant, stimulant, hallucinogens, cannabis
name 3 main groups of depressants
alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids
how many people consume alcohol worldwide?
2 billion
what is binge drinking?
five or more drinks on a single occasion
what percentage of people in US binge drink each month?
23%
among heavy drink drinkers, men outnumber women __:__
3:2
alcoholic beverages contains ___ ___
ethyl alcohol
what is ethyl alcohol?
a chemical that is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream via lining of stomach and intestine
Ethyl alcohol is carried from the ____ to the ___ ___ ___ binds to
bloodstream, central nervous system, various neurons
what does neurotransmitter Gaba do?
carries an inhibitory message to neurons
what does alcohol do to gaba?
helps gaba shut down neurons, relax the drinker.
ethyl alcohol ______ the areas of the brain that control judgment and inhibition
depresses
effect of ethyl alcohol is measured by its ____ or ____ in the blood
concentration or proportion
what is alcohol dehydrogenase?
stomach enzyme which breaks down alochol
which sex has less alcohol dehydrogenase?
women have less
what blood alcohol content when someone is intoxicated?
.09
how many people die each year from too high a blood alcohol content?
1000
what is metabolized mean when it comes to alcohol?
alcohol is broken down by the liver into carbon dioxide and water, exhaled or secreted
alcohol use disorder is aka
alcoholism
what percent adults display alcoholism per year in the US?
6.9%
men with alcoholism out number women by __:___
2:1
what group of people in US have highest rates of alcoholism? %?
male native americans, 8.5
what group of people in the US have the lowest amount of alcoholism?
Asian americans, 1.7%, deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase prevents extended use
what percent of college students binge drink at least once per year?
40%
what is the number one public health hazard for full time college students?
binge drinking
chronic heavy drinkers show brain damage which can be displayed as impairments in (4)
memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, balance
name symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol
shaking in hands, tongue, eyelids; weak and nauseated, sweat and vomit, rapid heart beat, bp rises, anxious, depressed, unable to sleep, irritable
what do the DTs stand for
delirium tremens
what is delirium tremens?
withdrawal consisting of terrifying visual hallucinations, may also have stroke, fall unconscious, stroke, or die
what percentage fatal car accidents are due to alcohol?
30%
what percentages adults have driven while drunk in one year?
11%
what is neknominate?
internet game of challenges consisting of drinking an entire bottle of liquor
what is cirrhosis and how many deaths per year?
liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional from alcohol, 32,000 deaths each year
what is korsakoff’s syndrome?
drinkers become malnourished, confusion and memory loss, confabulate events to fill missing time gaps
what does confabulate mean?
reciting made up events to fill missing time gaps or black outs
how many babies are born with fetal alcohol syndrome?
1/1000
what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
alcohol-related birth defects
what is sedative-hypnotic drugs aka?
anxiolytic drugs
what does anxiolytic drugs mean?
anxiety reducing
what feelings do sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?
relaxation, drowsiness, calm, sedative, sleep inducer, hypnotic
what are the two main versions of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
benzodiazepines and barbiturates
describe barbiturates
came before benzo, fight anxiety, help sleep
what did barbiturates accidentally cause?
overdoses
how do barbiturates work biologically?
attach to gaba and inhibit neurons
repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in
sedative-hypnotic use disorder
a major danger of barbiturate tolerance is the ____ dose of the drug remains the same even while the body is building up a _____ to the drug
lethal; tolerance
barbiturate withdrawal is particularly dangerous because it can cause ______
convulsions
what are benzodiazepines used for, what are some examples?
antianxiety, xanax, ativan, valium
how many prescriptions for benzos are written each year?
130 million
how do benzos work?
attach to gaba, relieve anxiety without sleepiness
what is a benefit of benzo compared to barbs? 2
less likely to slow a persons breath and less likely to die from an overdose
what percentage of adults have barb or benzo use disorder each year?
.03%
opioids include ____ and the drugs derived from it ___ ____ and ____
opium, heroin, morphine, and codeine
why was opium used medically in the past?
reduce physical and emotional pain, very addictive
civil war morphine addiction became known as
soldiers disease
methadone is a _____ opioid
synthetic
narcotics include
all opioid drugs, natural and synthetic
what is skin popped
inject right under the skin
what is mainlined
inject into bloodstream
opioids create relaxed effects by depressing the __ ___ ___
central nervous system
opioids attach to what
endorphins that relieve pain and reduce emotional tension
what are pinpoint pupils caused by
caused by use of opioids
timeline for heroin withdrawal
peak at day 3, end at day 8
what percent of adults display opioid use disorder?
1%
what does a heroin od do to the body
closes down respiratory center
what percentage of heroin users die from heroin each year?
2%
what percent of HIV among active heroin users
60%
name four main kinds of stimulants
cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines
what do stimulants do
increase activity of central nervous system, increase bp and hr, alert, sped up
what is the most powerful stimulant
cocaine
what is processed cocaine?
hydrochloride powder
how many have tried cocaine
28 million
how many are currently using cocaine
1.6 million, mostly teens and young adults
cocaine produces sped up effect by increasing supply of
neurotransmitter dopamine
what percent of people over the age of 11 smoke tobacco
27%, 70 million
what percentage of world pop over 11 smoke tobacco?
22%, 1.1 billion
what is nicotine?
a stimulant of central nervous system that affect neurotransmitters
describe cocaine-induced psychosis
hallucinations, delusions, or both
describe cocaine intoxication
poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgement, anger, aggression, compulsive, confusion, anxiety
cocaine can also have an effect on what 2 neurotransmitters
norepinephrine and serotonin
what is freebasing?
pure cocaine is separated from the processed cocaine, inhaled
describe crack
freebase of cocaine, crystalline balls, 1.1% of High schoolers have used
cocaine use has been linked to many
suicides
how many ER cases for cocaine od each year
505,000
what can happen with cocaine od
effect on respiratory center, breathing may stop, heart irregularities, brain seizures
cocaine and pregnancy
risk of miscarriage, birth with abnormalities
when and why were amphetamines produced?
1930s to treat asthma
how are amphetamines made?
produced in a lab
what percent of people over 11 have used meth at least once?
6%
what is a stovetop laboratory?
non-legal meth lab
dangers of stovetop labs
expel dangerous fumes and residue
what is neurotoxicity? and what causes it?
damages never endings; amphetamines and meth
2 of meth’s positive side effects that users like
hypersexual and uninhibited
what percent of people over 11 display a stimulant use disorder?
.4%
what is the worlds most widely used stimulant
caffeine
what percent of world pop consumes caffeine daily?
80%
side effects from caffeine intoxication- 8
restless, nervous, stomach disturb, twitch, fast hr, grand mal seizures, respiratory failure
10 grams, 100 cups caffeine, coffee
lethal
effects of hallucinogens
changes in sensory perception, illusions and hallucinations
LSD was derived from what drug
ergot alkaloids
hallucinogen intoxication is aka
hallucinosis
mdma aka
ecstacy
dangers of ecstacy
psychological problems and impairment of cognitive skills, hypothermia, hypotremia (water intoxication)
what is synesthesia?
different senses cross
what percent of people in US have used a hallucinogen at some point in their lives?
14%, .4% currently
what percentage of US pop over 11 smoke weed monthly?
7.3%, 19 million
how many smoke weed daily?
five million
what climate increase the cannabis plants thc?
hot and dry climate
what percent of high school seniors smoke weed daily?
6.5%
what drug was used as a surgical anesthetic by the ancient chinese physicians?
cannabis
what is polysubstance use
take more than one drug at a time
what is cross-tolerance
simultaneously build tolerance to more than one drug
what is synergistic effect?
different drugs taken multiply or potentiate each others effects
what is the danger of opposite or antagonist drug interactions
stimulants interfere with liver’s disposal of depressants, may build up a toxic level
what percent of unemployed adults currently use illegal drugs?
18%
those who experience higher rates of discrimination usually have higher rates of ___ ___ disorder
substance use
psychodynamic- dependency can be traced to ones ___years, parents fail to ____
early; satisfy needs, child learns to look for outside support
describe substance use personality
dependent, antisocial, impulsive, novelty seeking, risk taker, depressed
what does the cognitive behavioral view attribute substance use disorder to
operant and classical conditioning
what is substance use disorder in terms of operant conditioning?
drug has rewarding effect, user will seek this reaction again, medicate themselve
what percent of adults with psychological disorders display a substance use disorder as well?
19%
what percent has tried inhaling hydrocarbons like glue
6%
what is classical conditioning in terms of substance use disorder?
stimuli like people places and things come to produce similar pleasure brought by drugs, drug dealer, sight of needle
what percent of fraternal twins have similar alcoholism rates vs identical
identical=54%
fraternal=28%
what is dopamine-2 D2 receptor gene
a genetic linkage to substance use disorder
when a person keeps taking a drug, the brain apparently makes an adjustment and reduces its own production of ________
neurotransmitters, less is necessary
when stopping a drug, their natural supply of neurotransmitters will be __
low
alcohol or benzos may lower the brains production of ______ ___
neurotransmitter GABA
what is anandamide and what lowers it?
neurotransmitter that operates like thc, cannabis reduces production of
what is the reward center aka
pleasure pathway
what parts of the brain make up the reward center? 4
ventral tegmental area, nucleus accubens, prefrontal cortex, dopamine
when dopamine is activated along the pleasure pathway, a person feels ____
pleasure
reward-deficiency syndrome, what is
reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, turn to drugs
what is sobriety high?
recovery schools fill in education and emotional voids, group therapy
what is the most popular treatment for substance use disorder?
self-help group
what behavioral therapy to help with substance use disorder? 2
aversion therapy and contingency management
what is aversion therapy?
classical conditioning, unpleasant stimulus given when taking the drug to make them loose craving
what is contingency management?
makes incentives for drug free urine tests
cognitive behavioral therapy treatments for substance use disorder help clients identify and change the behaviors and cognitions that contribute to their patterns of __misuse
substance
what is relapse prevention training
gain control over behaviors, identify high risk situations, coping strats, plan ahead of time
what is acceptance and commitment therapy ACT
mindfulness based approach
what are three biological treatments for substance use disorder?
detoxification, antagonist drugs, drug maintenance therapy
what is detoxification?
systematic and medically supervised withdrawal
what is an antagonist drug?
block or change effect of addictive drug
what is disulfiram antabuse?
stops one from ingesting alcohol, makes them very sick
narcotic antagonists such as naloxone works by
attach to endorphin receptor and block opioid effect
what are partial antagonists used for
to produce less sever withdrawals
methadone is an _____ for heroin
agonist
how many worldwide members in AA
2 million, 114,000 groups
what is a residential treatment center, or therapeutic community
half way house
community prevent programs involve: 5
individual, family, peer group, school and community
what percent of adults have gambling disorder? teens?
4%, 3-10%
how many have internet use disorder
1%
