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Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

how many people in the US have ever used and illegal substance?

A

more than 100 million

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2
Q

what percentage of HS seniors have used an illegal drug within the past month?

A

24%

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3
Q

define drug

A

any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds

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4
Q

the term ____ is now frequently used in place of “drug”

A

substance

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5
Q

____ _____ may cause temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought

A

substance intoxication

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6
Q

describe alcohol intoxication- 5

A

poor judgement, mood change, irritable, slurred speech, poor coordination

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7
Q

hallucinogen intoxication is aka

A

hallucinosis

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8
Q

hallucinogen intoxication consists of- 2

A

perceptual distortions and hallucination

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9
Q

substance use disorder- define-

A

long term, maladaptive behaviors, repeated use of substances, damage to family, work, danger

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10
Q

substance use disorder is ____ term

A

long

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11
Q

substance intoxication is ___ term

A

short

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12
Q

define tolerance

A

need increased doses of substance to produce desired effect

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13
Q

define withdrawl

A

occur when person suddenly stops taking substance, unpleasant and dangerous symptoms

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14
Q

what amount and percentage of people in US have a substance use disorder each year?

A

8.9%, 23 million`

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15
Q

_____ ____ have the highest rate of substance use disorder, __%

A

american Indians, 21.8%

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16
Q

name the four main drug categories

A

depressant, stimulant, hallucinogens, cannabis

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17
Q

name 3 main groups of depressants

A

alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids

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18
Q

how many people consume alcohol worldwide?

A

2 billion

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19
Q

what is binge drinking?

A

five or more drinks on a single occasion

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20
Q

what percentage of people in US binge drink each month?

A

23%

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21
Q

among heavy drink drinkers, men outnumber women __:__

A

3:2

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22
Q

alcoholic beverages contains ___ ___

A

ethyl alcohol

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23
Q

what is ethyl alcohol?

A

a chemical that is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream via lining of stomach and intestine

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24
Q

Ethyl alcohol is carried from the ____ to the ___ ___ ___ binds to

A

bloodstream, central nervous system, various neurons

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25
Q

what does neurotransmitter Gaba do?

A

carries an inhibitory message to neurons

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26
Q

what does alcohol do to gaba?

A

helps gaba shut down neurons, relax the drinker.

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27
Q

ethyl alcohol ______ the areas of the brain that control judgment and inhibition

A

depresses

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28
Q

effect of ethyl alcohol is measured by its ____ or ____ in the blood

A

concentration or proportion

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29
Q

what is alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

stomach enzyme which breaks down alochol

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30
Q

which sex has less alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

women have less

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31
Q

what blood alcohol content when someone is intoxicated?

A

.09

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32
Q

how many people die each year from too high a blood alcohol content?

A

1000

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33
Q

what is metabolized mean when it comes to alcohol?

A

alcohol is broken down by the liver into carbon dioxide and water, exhaled or secreted

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34
Q

alcohol use disorder is aka

A

alcoholism

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35
Q

what percent adults display alcoholism per year in the US?

A

6.9%

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36
Q

men with alcoholism out number women by __:___

A

2:1

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37
Q

what group of people in US have highest rates of alcoholism? %?

A

male native americans, 8.5

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38
Q

what group of people in the US have the lowest amount of alcoholism?

A

Asian americans, 1.7%, deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase prevents extended use

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39
Q

what percent of college students binge drink at least once per year?

A

40%

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40
Q

what is the number one public health hazard for full time college students?

A

binge drinking

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41
Q

chronic heavy drinkers show brain damage which can be displayed as impairments in (4)

A

memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, balance

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42
Q

name symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol

A

shaking in hands, tongue, eyelids; weak and nauseated, sweat and vomit, rapid heart beat, bp rises, anxious, depressed, unable to sleep, irritable

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43
Q

what do the DTs stand for

A

delirium tremens

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44
Q

what is delirium tremens?

A

withdrawal consisting of terrifying visual hallucinations, may also have stroke, fall unconscious, stroke, or die

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45
Q

what percentage fatal car accidents are due to alcohol?

A

30%

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46
Q

what percentages adults have driven while drunk in one year?

A

11%

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47
Q

what is neknominate?

A

internet game of challenges consisting of drinking an entire bottle of liquor

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48
Q

what is cirrhosis and how many deaths per year?

A

liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional from alcohol, 32,000 deaths each year

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49
Q

what is korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

drinkers become malnourished, confusion and memory loss, confabulate events to fill missing time gaps

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50
Q

what does confabulate mean?

A

reciting made up events to fill missing time gaps or black outs

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51
Q

how many babies are born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

1/1000

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52
Q

what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A

alcohol-related birth defects

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53
Q

what is sedative-hypnotic drugs aka?

A

anxiolytic drugs

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54
Q

what does anxiolytic drugs mean?

A

anxiety reducing

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55
Q

what feelings do sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?

A

relaxation, drowsiness, calm, sedative, sleep inducer, hypnotic

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56
Q

what are the two main versions of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A

benzodiazepines and barbiturates

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57
Q

describe barbiturates

A

came before benzo, fight anxiety, help sleep

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58
Q

what did barbiturates accidentally cause?

A

overdoses

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59
Q

how do barbiturates work biologically?

A

attach to gaba and inhibit neurons

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60
Q

repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in

A

sedative-hypnotic use disorder

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61
Q

a major danger of barbiturate tolerance is the ____ dose of the drug remains the same even while the body is building up a _____ to the drug

A

lethal; tolerance

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62
Q

barbiturate withdrawal is particularly dangerous because it can cause ______

A

convulsions

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63
Q

what are benzodiazepines used for, what are some examples?

A

antianxiety, xanax, ativan, valium

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64
Q

how many prescriptions for benzos are written each year?

A

130 million

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65
Q

how do benzos work?

A

attach to gaba, relieve anxiety without sleepiness

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66
Q

what is a benefit of benzo compared to barbs? 2

A

less likely to slow a persons breath and less likely to die from an overdose

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67
Q

what percentage of adults have barb or benzo use disorder each year?

A

.03%

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68
Q

opioids include ____ and the drugs derived from it ___ ____ and ____

A

opium, heroin, morphine, and codeine

69
Q

why was opium used medically in the past?

A

reduce physical and emotional pain, very addictive

70
Q

civil war morphine addiction became known as

A

soldiers disease

71
Q

methadone is a _____ opioid

A

synthetic

72
Q

narcotics include

A

all opioid drugs, natural and synthetic

73
Q

what is skin popped

A

inject right under the skin

74
Q

what is mainlined

A

inject into bloodstream

75
Q

opioids create relaxed effects by depressing the __ ___ ___

A

central nervous system

76
Q

opioids attach to what

A

endorphins that relieve pain and reduce emotional tension

77
Q

what are pinpoint pupils caused by

A

caused by use of opioids

78
Q

timeline for heroin withdrawal

A

peak at day 3, end at day 8

79
Q

what percent of adults display opioid use disorder?

A

1%

80
Q

what does a heroin od do to the body

A

closes down respiratory center

81
Q

what percentage of heroin users die from heroin each year?

A

2%

82
Q

what percent of HIV among active heroin users

A

60%

83
Q

name four main kinds of stimulants

A

cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines

84
Q

what do stimulants do

A

increase activity of central nervous system, increase bp and hr, alert, sped up

85
Q

what is the most powerful stimulant

A

cocaine

86
Q

what is processed cocaine?

A

hydrochloride powder

87
Q

how many have tried cocaine

A

28 million

88
Q

how many are currently using cocaine

A

1.6 million, mostly teens and young adults

89
Q

cocaine produces sped up effect by increasing supply of

A

neurotransmitter dopamine

90
Q

what percent of people over the age of 11 smoke tobacco

A

27%, 70 million

91
Q

what percentage of world pop over 11 smoke tobacco?

A

22%, 1.1 billion

92
Q

what is nicotine?

A

a stimulant of central nervous system that affect neurotransmitters

93
Q

describe cocaine-induced psychosis

A

hallucinations, delusions, or both

94
Q

describe cocaine intoxication

A

poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgement, anger, aggression, compulsive, confusion, anxiety

95
Q

cocaine can also have an effect on what 2 neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

96
Q

what is freebasing?

A

pure cocaine is separated from the processed cocaine, inhaled

97
Q

describe crack

A

freebase of cocaine, crystalline balls, 1.1% of High schoolers have used

98
Q

cocaine use has been linked to many

A

suicides

99
Q

how many ER cases for cocaine od each year

A

505,000

100
Q

what can happen with cocaine od

A

effect on respiratory center, breathing may stop, heart irregularities, brain seizures

101
Q

cocaine and pregnancy

A

risk of miscarriage, birth with abnormalities

102
Q

when and why were amphetamines produced?

A

1930s to treat asthma

103
Q

how are amphetamines made?

A

produced in a lab

104
Q

what percent of people over 11 have used meth at least once?

A

6%

105
Q

what is a stovetop laboratory?

A

non-legal meth lab

106
Q

dangers of stovetop labs

A

expel dangerous fumes and residue

107
Q

what is neurotoxicity? and what causes it?

A

damages never endings; amphetamines and meth

108
Q

2 of meth’s positive side effects that users like

A

hypersexual and uninhibited

109
Q

what percent of people over 11 display a stimulant use disorder?

A

.4%

110
Q

what is the worlds most widely used stimulant

A

caffeine

111
Q

what percent of world pop consumes caffeine daily?

A

80%

112
Q

side effects from caffeine intoxication- 8

A

restless, nervous, stomach disturb, twitch, fast hr, grand mal seizures, respiratory failure

113
Q

10 grams, 100 cups caffeine, coffee

A

lethal

114
Q

effects of hallucinogens

A

changes in sensory perception, illusions and hallucinations

115
Q

LSD was derived from what drug

A

ergot alkaloids

116
Q

hallucinogen intoxication is aka

A

hallucinosis

117
Q

mdma aka

A

ecstacy

118
Q

dangers of ecstacy

A

psychological problems and impairment of cognitive skills, hypothermia, hypotremia (water intoxication)

119
Q

what is synesthesia?

A

different senses cross

120
Q

what percent of people in US have used a hallucinogen at some point in their lives?

A

14%, .4% currently

121
Q

what percentage of US pop over 11 smoke weed monthly?

A

7.3%, 19 million

122
Q

how many smoke weed daily?

A

five million

123
Q

what climate increase the cannabis plants thc?

A

hot and dry climate

124
Q

what percent of high school seniors smoke weed daily?

A

6.5%

125
Q

what drug was used as a surgical anesthetic by the ancient chinese physicians?

A

cannabis

126
Q

what is polysubstance use

A

take more than one drug at a time

127
Q

what is cross-tolerance

A

simultaneously build tolerance to more than one drug

128
Q

what is synergistic effect?

A

different drugs taken multiply or potentiate each others effects

129
Q

what is the danger of opposite or antagonist drug interactions

A

stimulants interfere with liver’s disposal of depressants, may build up a toxic level

130
Q

what percent of unemployed adults currently use illegal drugs?

A

18%

131
Q

those who experience higher rates of discrimination usually have higher rates of ___ ___ disorder

A

substance use

132
Q

psychodynamic- dependency can be traced to ones ___years, parents fail to ____

A

early; satisfy needs, child learns to look for outside support

133
Q

describe substance use personality

A

dependent, antisocial, impulsive, novelty seeking, risk taker, depressed

134
Q

what does the cognitive behavioral view attribute substance use disorder to

A

operant and classical conditioning

135
Q

what is substance use disorder in terms of operant conditioning?

A

drug has rewarding effect, user will seek this reaction again, medicate themselve

136
Q

what percent of adults with psychological disorders display a substance use disorder as well?

A

19%

137
Q

what percent has tried inhaling hydrocarbons like glue

A

6%

138
Q

what is classical conditioning in terms of substance use disorder?

A

stimuli like people places and things come to produce similar pleasure brought by drugs, drug dealer, sight of needle

139
Q

what percent of fraternal twins have similar alcoholism rates vs identical

A

identical=54%

fraternal=28%

140
Q

what is dopamine-2 D2 receptor gene

A

a genetic linkage to substance use disorder

141
Q

when a person keeps taking a drug, the brain apparently makes an adjustment and reduces its own production of ________

A

neurotransmitters, less is necessary

142
Q

when stopping a drug, their natural supply of neurotransmitters will be __

A

low

143
Q

alcohol or benzos may lower the brains production of ______ ___

A

neurotransmitter GABA

144
Q

what is anandamide and what lowers it?

A

neurotransmitter that operates like thc, cannabis reduces production of

145
Q

what is the reward center aka

A

pleasure pathway

146
Q

what parts of the brain make up the reward center? 4

A

ventral tegmental area, nucleus accubens, prefrontal cortex, dopamine

147
Q

when dopamine is activated along the pleasure pathway, a person feels ____

A

pleasure

148
Q

reward-deficiency syndrome, what is

A

reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, turn to drugs

149
Q

what is sobriety high?

A

recovery schools fill in education and emotional voids, group therapy

150
Q

what is the most popular treatment for substance use disorder?

A

self-help group

151
Q

what behavioral therapy to help with substance use disorder? 2

A

aversion therapy and contingency management

152
Q

what is aversion therapy?

A

classical conditioning, unpleasant stimulus given when taking the drug to make them loose craving

153
Q

what is contingency management?

A

makes incentives for drug free urine tests

154
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy treatments for substance use disorder help clients identify and change the behaviors and cognitions that contribute to their patterns of __misuse

A

substance

155
Q

what is relapse prevention training

A

gain control over behaviors, identify high risk situations, coping strats, plan ahead of time

156
Q

what is acceptance and commitment therapy ACT

A

mindfulness based approach

157
Q

what are three biological treatments for substance use disorder?

A

detoxification, antagonist drugs, drug maintenance therapy

158
Q

what is detoxification?

A

systematic and medically supervised withdrawal

159
Q

what is an antagonist drug?

A

block or change effect of addictive drug

160
Q

what is disulfiram antabuse?

A

stops one from ingesting alcohol, makes them very sick

161
Q

narcotic antagonists such as naloxone works by

A

attach to endorphin receptor and block opioid effect

162
Q

what are partial antagonists used for

A

to produce less sever withdrawals

163
Q

methadone is an _____ for heroin

A

agonist

164
Q

how many worldwide members in AA

A

2 million, 114,000 groups

165
Q

what is a residential treatment center, or therapeutic community

A

half way house

166
Q

community prevent programs involve: 5

A

individual, family, peer group, school and community

167
Q

what percent of adults have gambling disorder? teens?

A

4%, 3-10%

168
Q

how many have internet use disorder

A

1%

psych (5 decks)

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