Substance use addictions Flashcards
What are the four co-occurrence of substance-use disorders and which mental disorder has the highest comorbidity with substance use?
Prognosis
> longer duration and more likely to be chronic
Higher use of services
Higher perceived stigma than mental disorder patients who do not have substance use problems
Higher cost in interventions
personality disorders
What is the history of substance use disorders
Can trace back to early Greek and Egypt records
> they think substance use issues are related to personality and characteristics
However, later psychiatrists such as Kraepelin & Bleuler suggested might be mental illness (involving certain degree of physical and physiological processes)
Define what drug dependence, abuse, use disorder and addictions are
drug dependence
> the adaptive process that is led by repetitive drug adminstration
abuse
> repeated patterns of drug use that are detrimental to the health, work, or social relationships of a person
use disorder
> the integration of drug dependence and abuse
addictions
> not a diagnostic term. Just a term that is used to indicate an underlying disease or physiological processes that may hint an over-reliance on substances leading to substance use disorders
What is substance use disorder, the four main diagnostic domains, and the severity of the disorder
substance use disorder
> a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, physiological symptoms that are caused by repeated over-reliance on drugs, leads to the re-circuiting of the reward system of the brain
Four main diagnostic domains
> impairments on controlling the use of drugs
> social impairments
> risky use of the substance
> physiological/pharmacological criteria
Severity of the disorder
mild : 2-3 symptoms
moderate: 4-5 symptoms
severe: 6 symptoms
Populations that are more likely to have substance use disorders, and the substance factors that affect the potential of abuse
18-25
males
indigenous > male
most used substance
> americans = alcohol
> australians = caffeine
the time of the effect of the substance kicks in and dies down
> quick kick in = quickly dies down
> quicker effect = more abuse and addiction
half life (how long does the body take to clear the drug)
> quicker half life = more likely to addict
What are the models that explain substance use disorders
moral model
> hopeless, blaming the patient, lack of willpower to withstand the drug
disease model
> the person has some kind of disease that depends on the willpower to alleviate the addiction, although irreversible
social models
education model
> drug addiction because the public does not have sufficient and accurate information on the drug
social learning model
> learning through social settings, peers and environment
psychological models
> classical and operant conditionings
biological models
> impairment to the dopaminergic circuit
> genetic factors
> serotonin and endorphines
What does the interaction model suggest, and what are the underlying philosophies
interaction model
substance use is due to the effects of biological, psychological and social factors
underlying philosophies
drug use is universal
born to be curious on trying drugs
come up with a pattern of taking drugs through incentives and punishments
however, affected by the interactional factors
What are the potential interventions to reducing substance-use disorders
Legislation/regulation
> does help in alleviating short-term violence on alcohol consumption
> however, does not help long-term since the numbers rose back to pre-interventions
other interventions
alcoholics anonymous (12 step intervention)
behavioural treatment (with reward and punishments)
cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT)
motivational enhancement treatment (stage of change)
what are the criteria of gambling addictions and the main mechanism that makes gambling so addicting
4 out of 7
intermittent reinforcements
> once in a very few times > making players want to keep going
