Mood Disorders

Question 1

what is the difference between mood and affect

Answer 1

mood = a more pervasive and sustained subjective feeling according to the context
affect = a moment-to-moment feeling

Question 2

what are the four levels (low to high) of mood state and what are subfactors are mood disorders under

Answer 2

depression > dysthymia > euthymia > hypomania > mania

under the distress and mania (bipolar I and II) subfactor, which is under internalisation

Question 3

what are the groups that are more vulnerable to mood disorders

Answer 3

young people
homeless
lgbt community
jobless (unemployed)

Question 4

what are the depression and grief, and what are the differences between the two

Answer 4

Depression
> normal emotions
> more sustained and pervasive
> different from clinical depression

grief
> low of feelings after losses
> can be the precipitant of MDE
> treatments to MDE and MDD can also alleviate grief

damaging self-esteem vs no damage
persisting vs coming in waves

Question 5

what are the criteria of clincal depression

Answer 5

time and intensity
> more sustained and leading to impair of social and occupational functions
quality
> different than normal grief
Absence of precipitant
> can be caused without precipitant or precipitant that does not match the size of the emotional change
Associated symptoms
> may come with somatic or cognitive symptoms

Question 6

what is the criteria of MDE and MDD

Answer 6

MDE
preseting five or more of the below symptoms for more than 2 weeks
depressed mood
anhedonia
lost/gain of appetite or weight
loss or increase of sleep
agitation and retardation
loss or low energy
low concentration
worthlessness
suicidal thoughts

MDD
MDE
cannot be explained by other disorders
no history of mania or hypomania

Question 7

what is the relationship between suicide and MDD

Answer 7

60% of people suicided have MDD
factors leading to suicide
individual factors
family history
early life adversity
mental health disorder
implusivity
substance use
sense of hopelessness/helplessness
population factors
environmental factors such as the weather effect

Question 8

What are the Aetiology of Depression

Answer 8

Socio-environmental factors
Individual Factors
> genetic (heritability of depression)
> neurobiology (chemicals such as low of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline)
> immune system (the over-inflammation of the immune system)
> Stress (stress > release of chemicals > more reactive and sensitive to stress > stress)
> personality (neuroticism)
> cognitive

Question 9

What are the treatments for MDD

Answer 9

CBT (change the false negative thoughts with cognitive and behavioral training)

Psychodynamic (understanding, feeling and expressing emotions and early life experiences to understand that existing patterns of thoughts lead to depression)

Problem-solving

Intrapersonal

Mindfulness (combining cognitive therapy and mindfulness, which is navigating thoughts to the present)

Question 10

What is PDD

Answer 10

A subtler but persisting disorder than MDD
more depressed days than not for 2 years
2 or more of the followings
change of appetite or weight
change of sleep
low energy
low self-esteem
low concentration
sense of worthlessness

aetiology and treatment same as MDD

Question 11

what are the symptoms of manic episodes? What are the differences between hypomanic and manic

Answer 11

Demonstrating 3 or more of below symptoms
inflated self-esteem
lack of sleep
increase pressure or desire to talk
racing trains of thoughts
distractibility
increase in goal-oriented behaviours
involvement in risky activities

hypomanic = 4 consecutive days and not severe enough to impair social and occupational functions
manic = 1 week or more which severely damages social and occupational functions

Question 12

What are the three phases of CBT and what are the stages of curing depressive disorders

Answer 12

activating event
beliefs (shaped by schemas of the person)
consequence

phase 1
giving psychoeducation on the therapy and start doing behavioural interventions (such as activity recording to help gaining positive reinforcements and mastery of life)
phase 2
giving cognitive interventions (such as acknowledging and dealing with thoughts, and problem solving)
phase 3
integrating the skills into daily

Question 12

Bipolar 1 and 2 and cyclothymic disorder

Answer 12

Bipolar 1 = one or more manic episodes which usually (but not always) comes with depressive episodes
Bipolar 2 = one or more depressive episodes that come with hypomanic episodes
cyclothymic disorder = 2 years of depressive and manic episodes but doesn’t reach the diagnostic threshold