Psychosis Flashcards
what are the two dimensions of psychosis
symptom configuration and duration
what are the five abnormalities that are related to psychosis
delusions
hallucinations
disorganised speech
abnormal motor behaviours
> childlike ‘silliness’ or unpredicted agitation
> catatonia: decrease fo reactivity to the environment
other negative symptoms
> gist is some symptoms such as anhedonia are similar to depression
talk about delusions
rigid false beliefs of the world
> presecutory delusion: someone wants to harm the patient
> referential delusion: environmental cues directing to the patient
> grandiose delusion: believing that himself has a lot of wealth and power
> erotomanic delusion: believing that people around fall in love with the patient
> nihilistic delusions = false belief that catastrophic events will happen
bizarre (no evident) vs non-bizarre (with limited evidence but mostly false)
primary vs secondary
talk about hallucinations
perception-like experiences without the presence of actually stimulus
can be normal from a cultural perspective
mostly audiory but can happen to other sensory
can be perceived positive or negative from the patient
what are the differences in time onset and demonstrating symptoms between brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizophreniform and schizophrenia
also, talk about the onset and symptoms of schizoaffective disorder
time onset
less than 1 month vs 1 month vs 1-6 months vs 6+ months
symptoms
1+ major abnormalities vs delusions vs 2+ major abnormalities
schizoaffective disorder = 2+ major abnormalities with major mood episodes for two weeks or more
Who are the pioneeers of schizophrenia research
(Morel, Kraepelin, Bleuler, Schneider, 70s , 80s, and opposing views)
Morel
First research to look into categorising schizophrenic symptoms
mentioned early onset and deteriorating stages
Kraepelin
worked in an asylum
categorised and identified patients
emphasised on symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
came up with more formal definition
distinguished between depressive-manic disorders and schizophrenia
Bleuler
coined the term schizophrenia
believed not necessarily to be early onset and deteriorating stages
Schneider
came up with a more refined list on severe symptoms of schizophrenia
70s
there are still gaps between nations on the defintion and criteria of schizophrenia
therefore came up with the Feighner criteria, which became the sketch of the DSM-III
80s
first schizophrenia case was diagnosed with the DSM-III
opposing views
mcGorry thinks that the flaw of Kraepelin’s view was that his categorisation was based on severe patients in the asylum, which was incomprehensive
Bentall thinks that psychotic symptoms should be treated individually instead of a cluster
Talk about the potential causes of schizophrenia or psychotic symptoms
Genes
> not 1 gene (more than 100 gene involved)
> indirect correlation between the COMT gene and cannabis
Neurobiology
> the increase of dopamine > increasing the experience of psychotic symptoms (vice versa)
> but other neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin) also play a role
Brain Structure
> increase vesicles
> smaller volume of the hippocampus (learning and memory)
> fewer white and grey matter in the prefrontal cortex (higher order)
Social Perception
> impairment of emotional and social perception
Neurocognition
> some relate IQ and the symptoms
Psycho-social
> living in urban, migrants, socially excluded
> experiencing the mentioned > sensitising the mesolimbic dopamine system > increasing psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia
Stress
> once a person takes the amount of stress that exceeds the capacity > developing mental illness (such as schizophrenia)
what is the appraisal model by morris about
the visioned scenario |< the interpretation of the suroundings >|< the perception to the self, which therefore influence how a person thinks and behaves
perception determined by prior history or experience.
