Substance Use

Question 1

Psychopharmology

Answer 1

the branch of psychology that studies the effects of drugs on human cognition, emotions and behaviour

Question 2

Psychoactive Drug

Answer 2

a substance that acts on the central nervous system and produces changes in a persons cognitions, emotions and behaviour

Question 3

Intoxication

Answer 3

a temporary and reversible state induced by the intake of a psychoactive substance and characterized by disturbed cognition, emotion or behaviour

Question 4

Tolerance

Answer 4

a condition caused by regular drug intake, whereby a higher dose is required to produce the same effects previously obtained with a lower dose

Question 5

Withdrawal

Answer 5

a condition characterized by symptoms that emerge when a person who has developed tolerance to a drug abruptly stops taking it

Question 6

Substance Use Disorders

Answer 6

a pattern of problematic psychoactive drug use that causes significant distress or impairment and is typically associated with impaired control over drug taking and harm to the user

Question 7

4 Main Categories of Disorder Criteria

Answer 7

• Impaired Control
• Social Impairment
• Risky Use
• Pharmalogical

Question 8

Factors Impacting Drug Effects

Answer 8

• Brain Reward Systems
• more intensely pleasurable drug experiences pose a greater risk of problematic drug use developing
• nature of the experience

Question 9

Nature of the Experience is governed by

Answer 9

• drug type
• route of administration
• dosage size
• physical person attributes
• substance abuse history
• psychological explanations
• setting

Question 10

Major Classes of Drugs

Answer 10

Stimulants
Depressants
Hallunicogens

Question 11

Stimulants

Answer 11

a class of drugs that elevate aspects of our central nervous system functioning

• Cocaine
• Amphetamines

Question 12

Depressants

Answer 12

a class of drugs that dampen certain aspects of our central nervous system functioning

• Alcohol
• Opioids

Question 13

Hallucinogens

Answer 13

a class of drugs that are chemically unrelated but are all capable of producing hallucinations

• LSD
• PCP
• Cannabis

Question 14

Goldstein’s Tripartite Model

Answer 14

describes the interconnections of drugs and violence

• Systemic Violence
• Economic Compulsive Violence
• Psychopharmacological Violence

Question 15

Systemic Violence

Answer 15

a form of drug-related crime that occurs because the drug trade is illegal and it’s participants cannot turn to authorities for assistence

Question 16

Three Dimensions of Systemic Violence

Answer 16

Organizational
Transaction
Third Party

Question 17

Economic Compulsive Violence

Answer 17

a form of drug related crime that occurs as a result of drug users engaging in illegal behaviour as a means to support their habit

Question 18

Types of Economic Compulsive Violence

Answer 18

• crimes committed to get money for purchasing drugs
• illegal commodities such as stolen property may be barred for drugs
• drugs may be stolen from dealers or other users

Question 19

Psychopharmacological Violence

Answer 19

a form of drug-related crime that occurs as a result of the acute and chronic effect produced by psychoactive drugs

Question 20

Relation between drugs and violence

Answer 20

Stimulants - violent behaviour
Depressants - most strongly associated with crime & violence
Hallucinogens - weakest relationship

Question 21

3 categories of the Alcohol-Violence Relationship

Answer 21

Disinhibition Theories
Cognitive Disruptive Theories
Expectancy Theories

Question 22

Disinhibition Theories

Answer 22

alcohol impairs areas of the brain responsible for inhibiting responses and as a result of intoxication behaviours normally suppressed are exhibited

Question 23

Selective Disinhibition

Answer 23

a theory that the effect of alcohol disinhibiting violence depends on the perceived effectiveness of acting violently in the particular circumstances

Question 24

Active Constraint

Answer 24

the relatively large conscious and deliberate effort needed to act in a socially acceptable manner in situations where acting violently is perceived to be an effective and desirable course of action

Question 25

Passive Constraint

Answer 25

the relatively small conscious and deliberate effort needed to act in a socially acceptable manner in situations where acting violently is perceived to be an ineffective and undesirable course of action

Question 26

Cognitive Disruptive Theories

Answer 26

alcohol intoxication impairs human social cognition in ways that increase the chance of aggressive and violent behaviour

Question 27

Self-Awareness Model

Answer 27

people must be actively conscious of what they are doing in order to evaluate their conduct against relevant standards of behaviour

Question 28

Appraisal-Disruption Model

Answer 28

alcohol interferes with the cognitive abilities people need to appraise social cues in the environment

Question 29

Attention Allocation Model

Answer 29

alcohol interferes with the cognitive capacity needed to pay attention to multiple sources of information

Question 30

Expectancy Theories

Answer 30

behaviour is strongly influenced by their pre-existing beliefs about how the drug is going to affect them

Question 31

Outcome Expectancy

Answer 31

a mental image of the anticipated behavioural result to an action such as drug taking people will behave in a manner consistent with the results they anticipate

Question 32

Deviance-Disavowal Theory

Answer 32

the usual social standards of behaviour are temporarily suspended so that they are viewed as less responsible for their actions