Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a change in a persons behavioural repertoire due to experience

Question 2

Three major learning processes

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning

Question 3

Classical Condtitioning

Answer 3

a learning process whereby two stimuli are repeatedly paired and result in a neutral stimulus being able to evoke the same response as the original stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

a stimulus in classical conditioning that was originally neutral but as a result of repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers the response evoked by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

a stimulus in classical conditioning that evokes a response naturally and without learning

Question 6

Classical Conditioning & Deviant Behaviour

Answer 6

past defiant behaviour that repeatedly occurs in the presence of particular environmental cues can produce classical conditioning

Question 7

Hans Eysenck

Answer 7

theorized that people develop a conscience as a result of classical conditioning

Question 8

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 8

capacity of stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke the same response

Question 9

Poor Conditionality

Answer 9

the degree to which classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

a learning process whereby anticipated consequences influence voluntary behavioural choices

Question 11

Three components of Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

discriminative stimulus
response
consequence of the response

Question 12

Reinforcement

Answer 12

a event following a response that increases the likelihood of the response being made again

Question 13

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 13

increase the likelihood of a certain response by administering something pleasant or rewarding when the response occurs

Question 14

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 14

increase the likelihood of a certain response by removing something unpleasant when the response occurs

Question 15

Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 15

the rules under which appropriate responses are reinforced

Question 16

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 16

every time the response occurs

Question 17

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 17

every so often

Question 18

Extinction

Answer 18

a process that occurs when reinforcement is discontinued and responding subsequently diminishes until it stops

Question 19

Punishment

Answer 19

an event following a response that decreases the likelihood of the response being made again

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

decreases the likelihood of a certain response by administering something unpleasant or aversive when that response occurs

Question 21

Negative Punishment

Answer 21

decreases the likelihood of a certain response by removing something pleasant or rewarding when that response occurs

Question 22

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 22

the net effect of all reinforcement and punishment received for a certain response

Question 23

Nonsocial Reinforcement

Answer 23

the event that does not depend on social interaction but increases the likelihood of it occuring

Question 24

Why the Criminal Justice System Fails

Answer 24

• punishment severity is gradually increased
• punishment is delayed
• punishment is inconsistent
• offending behaviours are not replaced with acceptable behaviour

Question 25

Observational Learning

Answer 25

a learning process whereby a person acquires a new behaviour after seeing it performed by someone else

Question 26

Model

Answer 26

the person performing a behaviour observed and learned by someone else

Question 27

Two Components of Observational Learning

Answer 27

Acquisition | Imilation

Question 28

Acquisition

Answer 28

the process of paying attention to and memorizing an observed behaviour

Question 29

Imitation

Answer 29

the process of replicating an observed behaviour

Question 30

Observational Learning & Violent Media

Answer 30

a small positive correlation

Question 31

Influential Factors of Violent Media

Answer 31

``` Viewer Characteristics -identifies with violent character -aggressive personality Media Characteristics -depicts as justified with no consequences -perceived to be real life ```

Question 32

Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory

Answer 32

combines Differential Association Theory and Operant Conditioning

Question 33

Differential Association

Answer 33

the behaviour people learn and exhibit varies as a function of their social interactions and relationships

Question 34

Modalities of Association

Answer 34

qualities that impact the degree of social influence one person has over another - intensity - priority - frequency - duration

Question 35

Definitions

Answer 35

values, attitudes, norms and beliefs held by people

Question 36

Negative Definitions

Answer 36

disapprove of law breaking

Question 37

Positive Definitions

Answer 37

approve of law breaking

Question 38

Neutral Definitions

Answer 38

crime is nor normally acceptable but rationalize it as justified or acceptable under the circumstance

Question 39

Social Reinforcement

Answer 39

verbal and non-verbal behaviour from others