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Psychopathology > Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders > Flashcards

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Who do substance-related and addictive disorders impact?

A

They impact millions of individuals and their families, representing a significant public health concern.

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2
Q

What is essential for understanding substance use disorders?

A

Understanding their diagnostic criteria, prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and treatment approaches is crucial.

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3
Q

What substances can lead to substance use disorders?

A

Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other (or unknown) substances.

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4
Q

What is a co-occurring disorder?

A

A co-occurring disorder refers to when mental health issues coexist with substance use disorders.

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5
Q

What was the finding of the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)?

A

Many individuals with mental health disorders also experience substance use issues.

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6
Q

What is intoxication?

A

Intoxication occurs when a substance affects an individual’s physical and mental state, causing temporary changes in behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

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7
Q

What is withdrawal in substance use?

A

Withdrawal describes the adverse physical and psychological symptoms when reducing or ceasing substance use after prolonged or heavy use.

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8
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Tolerance is when the body becomes accustomed to a substance, requiring larger doses to achieve the same effect.

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9
Q

What are some sociocultural factors influencing substance use?

A

Substance use often stems from a desire to cope with stress or life challenges, and socioeconomic factors play a significant role.

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10
Q

How does religiousness act as a protective factor in substance use?

A

Studies show that religiousness can lead to lower rates of substance abuse due to moral teachings and community support.

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11
Q

How does the psychodynamic view explain substance use?

A

It suggests that substance use may be a coping mechanism for emotional voids or unresolved conflicts.

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12
Q

What is the behavioral view of substance use?

A

The behavioral view suggests substance use is reinforced by pleasurable effects, making it hard to stop.

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13
Q

What is the opponent-process theory in substance use?

A

It explains how the body adapts to prolonged substance use, leading to stronger cravings and difficulty quitting.

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14
Q

What are the biological factors in substance use disorders?

A

Substances activate the brain’s reward system, releasing dopamine in areas like the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens, reinforcing the desire for more.

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15
Q

What are the DSM-5-TR criteria for diagnosing Substance Use Disorder?

A

The DSM-5-TR lists 11 criteria, with severity determined by how many criteria are met: mild (2-3), moderate (4-5), or severe (6+).

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16
Q

What determines the remission status of Substance Use Disorder?

A

Remission status refers to whether the individual has experienced a significant reduction in symptoms for a specific time period.

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17
Q

What is the role of screening in substance use disorders?

A

Regular screening helps identify substance use issues early, especially for substances like alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs.

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18
Q

Why is mental health screening crucial for those with substance use disorders?

A

It is essential because substance use disorders often coexist with mental health issues, such as depression or suicidal ideation.

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19
Q

Why is a comprehensive history important for assessing substance use?

A

A full history provides insight into drug use patterns, tolerance, withdrawal experiences, and past relapse attempts.

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20
Q

What makes alcohol use disorder (AUD) a particular concern?

A

Binge drinking and heavy alcohol use are major concerns, and screening tools like AUDIT help assess drinking patterns.

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21
Q

What is the CRAFFT tool used for?

A

The CRAFFT tool is used to screen adolescents for alcohol and drug-related behaviors.

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22
Q

What is a significant risk during sedative/hypnotic withdrawal?

A

Withdrawal from sedatives like benzodiazepines can be dangerous, leading to symptoms such as seizures and suicidal thoughts.

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23
Q

What substances are included under opioids?

A

Opioids include opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, and prescription opioids.

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24
Q

Why is fentanyl considered particularly dangerous?

A

Fentanyl is highly potent, making it more likely to cause overdose and death.

25
Q

What is the effect of stimulants on the brain?

A

Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines increase energy, alertness, and focus by boosting neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.

26
Q

What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects?

A

Hallucinogens like LSD and MDMA alter perception and can lead to flashbacks even after the substance has left the system.

27
Q

What are the effects of cannabis on the body?

A

Cannabis can act as a depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen, with increasing THC potency raising concerns over dependence and withdrawal.

28
Q

What is the most effective approach to treating substance use disorders?

A

A combination approach, including 12-step programs, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and contingency management, works best.

29
Q

What are 12-step programs, and how do they help?

A

12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous provide peer support and a structured recovery process for individuals with substance use disorders.

30
Q

How does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help in treating substance use?

A

CBT helps individuals recognize and change destructive thought patterns that contribute to their substance use.

31
Q

What is contingency management in substance use treatment?

A

Contingency management involves offering incentives for achieving and maintaining abstinence from substances.

32
Q

What are the key categories of substances that can lead to substance use disorders in the DSM-5-TR?

A

Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other (or unknown) substances.

33
Q

What is a non-substance-related disorder included in the category of substance use disorders?

A

Gambling disorder is a non-substance-related disorder that is also included in the substance use disorder category.

34
Q

How do sociocultural factors influence substance use?

A

Sociocultural factors, such as stress, socioeconomic status, and the availability of substances, influence an individual’s likelihood of substance use.

35
Q

What protective role does religiousness play in substance use?

A

Religious beliefs and community involvement can act as a protective factor, leading to lower rates of substance abuse among religious individuals.

36
Q

How does the psychodynamic view explain substance use?

A

It suggests substance use may be a coping mechanism for emotional voids, past trauma, or unresolved conflicts that are not adequately addressed.

37
Q

What is the role of reinforcement in substance use from a behavioral perspective?

A

Substance use is reinforced by the pleasurable effects, and over time, the behavior becomes habitual due to the rewarding feelings it generates.

38
Q

What is the role of the brain’s reward system in substance use disorders?

A

The brain’s reward system, particularly areas like the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens, releases dopamine, reinforcing the desire to continue using the substance.

39
Q

What is the DSM-5-TR criteria for diagnosing mild, moderate, and severe substance use disorders?

A

Mild: 2-3 symptoms, Moderate: 4-5 symptoms, Severe: 6+ symptoms, with severity impacting the diagnosis.

40
Q

How does remission status relate to substance use disorder diagnosis?

A

Remission status is determined based on the duration of symptoms and the degree to which an individual’s symptoms have been reduced.

41
Q

What are the major components of a substance use screening?

A

Screening includes assessing for substance use patterns, mental health conditions, past treatment history, and relapse attempts.

42
Q

Why is mental health screening important in substance use assessment?

A

Since many individuals with substance use disorders also suffer from mental health issues (like depression), screening for these conditions is crucial for comprehensive care.

43
Q

What role does a full history play in substance use assessment?

A

A comprehensive history helps assess the severity of substance use, tolerance levels, withdrawal symptoms, and prior attempts at recovery or relapse.

44
Q

What are the key tools used to assess alcohol use disorder (AUD)?

A

The AUDIT and AUDIT-C are screening tools designed to assess alcohol consumption patterns and detect potential alcohol use disorder.

45
Q

What is the CRAFFT tool used for?

A

The CRAFFT tool is specifically used to screen adolescents for risky alcohol and drug-related behaviors.

46
Q

What are the dangers of withdrawal from sedatives/hypnotics like benzodiazepines?

A

Withdrawal can lead to severe symptoms such as seizures, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts, making medical supervision critical.

47
Q

How do opioids produce euphoria and pain relief?

A

Opioids bind to endorphin receptors in the brain, triggering the release of dopamine, which results in both euphoria and pain relief.

48
Q

What makes fentanyl particularly dangerous?

A

Fentanyl is a highly potent opioid, and even small amounts can cause overdose and death, making it a major risk in opioid abuse.

49
Q

What are stimulants, and how do they affect neurotransmitters?

A

Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine increase neurotransmitter activity, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to enhanced energy and alertness.

50
Q

What is the psychological effect of hallucinogens?

A

Hallucinogens like LSD and MDMA alter an individual’s perception of reality, and psychological withdrawal effects can include persistent flashbacks.

51
Q

How does cannabis affect the body, and what concerns have been raised?

A

Cannabis acts as a depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen. Concerns have been raised about its potential for dependence and the increased potency of THC.

52
Q

What are 12-Step Programs, and how do they aid recovery?

A

12-Step Programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, provide structured recovery and peer support, helping individuals maintain sobriety through shared experiences.

53
Q

How does Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) work in treating substance use?

A

CBT targets and alters the negative thought patterns and behaviors that perpetuate substance use, helping individuals manage triggers and cravings.

54
Q

What is contingency management in substance use treatment?

A

Contingency management provides tangible rewards for individuals who meet treatment goals, such as abstinence, reinforcing positive behaviors.

55
Q

What are the key challenges in diagnosing substance use disorders?

A

Challenges include distinguishing between physical symptoms of substance use and underlying mental health conditions, and the complexity of co-occurring disorders.

56
Q

What is the role of peer support in treating substance use disorders?

A

Peer support, such as that found in 12-Step programs, helps create a sense of community, shared accountability, and motivation to maintain sobriety.

57
Q

How does the DSM-5-TR categorize withdrawal symptoms in substance use?

A

Withdrawal symptoms are specific to each substance and may include symptoms like anxiety, sweating, shaking, seizures, or hallucinations depending on the drug.

58
Q

What is the role of family therapy in treating substance use disorders?

A

Family therapy helps address dysfunctional family dynamics, improve communication, and support recovery by involving family members in the treatment process.

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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