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Psychopathology > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of adults in the US are affected by anxiety disorders?

A

Approximately 34% of adults in the US are affected by anxiety disorders.

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2
Q

What percentage of people with anxiety disorders seek treatment?

A

Only about 20% seek treatment.

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3
Q

Which anxiety disorder involves a fear of being away from attachment figures?

A

Separation Anxiety Disorder.

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4
Q

What is selective mutism?

A

A disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social settings despite being able to speak in other situations.

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5
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

An intense fear of a specific object or situation.

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6
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

An intense fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations.

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7
Q

What is the main characteristic of panic disorder?

A

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks that cause intense physical symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

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8
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

A fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable if needed.

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9
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

A chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life.

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10
Q

What is substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder?

A

Anxiety caused by the use of substances or medications that affects the nervous system.

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11
Q

What is the main symptom of anxiety disorders?

A

Physical symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness, along with psychological symptoms such as nervousness, fear, and worry.

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12
Q

What medical condition can mimic anxiety by causing palpitations?

A

Hyperthyroidism.

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13
Q

What is the role of medical assessments in diagnosing anxiety disorders?

A

To rule out medical conditions such as hyperthyroidism or hypoglycemia that could mimic anxiety symptoms.

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14
Q

What is the sociocultural model of anxiety?

A

It explains anxiety as influenced by social and economic stressors.

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15
Q

What is the psychodynamic model of anxiety?

A

It views anxiety as stemming from unresolved emotional conflict and defense mechanisms.

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16
Q

What is the cognitive model of anxiety?

A

It explains anxiety as caused by maladaptive assumptions and distorted thinking patterns.

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17
Q

What is the biological model of anxiety?

A

It focuses on neurotransmitter imbalances, such as low GABA levels, contributing to anxiety.

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18
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for anxiety disorders?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

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19
Q

What type of medications are used to treat anxiety?

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, and sometimes benzodiazepines for short-term relief.

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20
Q

What is a major risk of using benzodiazepines?

A

Dependence, cognitive impairment, and anterograde amnesia.

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21
Q

What is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)?

A

A therapeutic approach that combines mindfulness practices with cognitive therapy to reduce anxiety and depression.

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

A

4% annually, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 6%.

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23
Q

What is the typical age of onset for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

A

Childhood or adolescence.

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24
Q

What is the typical treatment for GAD?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and medications such as SSRIs or SNRIs.

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25
Q

What is the treatment for panic disorder?

A

SSRIs, antidepressants, and in some cases, benzodiazepines for immediate relief.

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26
Q

What is a key symptom of a panic attack?

A

Physical symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness, along with emotional fear of doom or losing control.

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27
Q

What is the prevalence of panic disorder?

A

Approximately 2-3% of the population.

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28
Q

How is agoraphobia treated?

A

Through behavior therapy, particularly In Vivo Exposure, to gradually confront feared situations.

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29
Q

What is a key symptom of agoraphobia?

A

A fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if needed.

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30
Q

What is the typical treatment for social anxiety disorder?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and sometimes medications like SSRIs.

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31
Q

What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder?

A

Around 7% of the population.

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32
Q

What is the difference between agoraphobia and specific phobia?

A

Agoraphobia involves fear of escape being difficult; specific phobia involves fear of specific objects or situations.

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33
Q

What is the treatment for selective mutism?

A

Behavioral therapy, often with family involvement, to encourage speaking in social situations.

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34
Q

How does exposure therapy work for anxiety disorders?

A

It helps individuals gradually confront and desensitize themselves to feared situations or objects.

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35
Q

What is a common physical symptom of panic disorder?

A

Palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.

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36
Q

What is the role of social support in treating anxiety?

A

To provide emotional support, encouragement, and reinforcement of coping strategies.

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37
Q

What is the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the population?

A

Around 1-2% of the population.

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38
Q

What is the main symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

Recurrent, persistent obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic behaviors).

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39
Q

What are SSRIs used for in anxiety treatment?

A

To treat Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and other anxiety disorders by balancing neurotransmitter levels.

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40
Q

How does the biological model explain panic disorder?

A

It attributes panic disorder to neurotransmitter imbalances, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.

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41
Q

What is one benefit of mindfulness techniques in anxiety treatment?

A

They help individuals detach from negative, anxiety-provoking thoughts and reduce emotional reactivity.

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42
Q

What is the primary aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for anxiety?

A

To help individuals identify and change irrational thought patterns that contribute to anxiety.

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43
Q

What is the typical onset age for panic disorder?

A

Usually between 18 and 35 years of age.

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44
Q

What are common comorbidities with anxiety disorders?

A

Mood disorders, depression, substance use disorders, and eating disorders.

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45
Q

What is one side effect of SSRIs?

A

Sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and nausea.

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46
Q

What is the role of family therapy in anxiety treatment?

A

It can support the individual’s coping strategies, provide encouragement, and help manage family dynamics that may contribute to anxiety.

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47
Q

What is the primary characteristic of selective mutism?

A

Inability to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other settings.

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48
Q

What is the main characteristic of panic disorder?

A

The presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks that cause intense physical and emotional distress.

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49
Q

What are the treatments for social anxiety disorder?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), medications like SSRIs, and social skills training.

50
Q

What is the role of mindfulness in treating anxiety?

A

It helps individuals focus on the present moment and reduce the impact of anxious thoughts about the future.

51
Q

What medical conditions should be ruled out when diagnosing anxiety?

A

Hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, and Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP).

52
Q

What is the role of medication in treating anxiety disorders?

A

Medications like SSRIs or SNRIs can help balance neurotransmitters and reduce symptoms of anxiety.

53
Q

How is anxiety typically treated in children?

A

Through a combination of behavioral therapy, family involvement, and sometimes medication.

54
Q

How does the biological model of anxiety suggest it can be treated?

A

By correcting neurotransmitter imbalances, typically through medication.

55
Q

What is the importance of early intervention in anxiety disorders?

A

It helps prevent the symptoms from worsening and interfering with daily functioning.

56
Q

What is a potential risk of long-term benzodiazepine use?

A

Dependence and cognitive impairment.

57
Q

What is an example of a physical symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Muscle tension and restlessness.

58
Q

What is the role of education in treating anxiety disorders?

A

To inform individuals about their condition and help them understand and manage their symptoms effectively.

59
Q

What is the typical course of treatment for GAD?

A

A combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and medications like SSRIs or SNRIs.

60
Q

What is one long-term benefit of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

A

It helps individuals develop skills to manage anxiety and prevent relapse.

61
Q

How can mindfulness-based therapies help with anxiety?

A

By teaching individuals to observe their thoughts and feelings without judgment or overreaction.

62
Q

How long does it take for Buspirone to start working for anxiety?

A

About 4 weeks.

63
Q

What is the impact of untreated anxiety disorders?

A

It can lead to a reduced quality of life, relationship difficulties, and comorbid mental health conditions.

64
Q

What is the main goal of therapy for anxiety disorders?

A

To help individuals manage anxiety, reduce symptoms, and improve their coping strategies.

65
Q

What is a key component of effective treatment for panic disorder?

A

Education about the disorder and reducing the fear of panic attacks through cognitive and behavioral techniques.

66
Q

What is the difference between generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?

A

GAD is characterized by chronic, excessive worry, while panic disorder involves sudden, intense episodes of

67
Q

What is the difference between generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder?

A

GAD is characterized by chronic, excessive worry, while panic disorder involves sudden, intense episodes of fear.

68
Q

How do SSRIs work in treating anxiety?

A

SSRIs increase serotonin levels in the brain, helping to regulate mood and reduce anxiety.

69
Q

What is the prevalence of agoraphobia?

A

Approximately 1.7% of the population.

70
Q

What are common triggers for panic attacks?

A

Stress, trauma, or certain physical conditions can trigger panic attacks.

71
Q

What is one major side effect of SNRIs?

A

Nausea, dizziness, or insomnia can occur when taking SNRIs.

72
Q

What treatment is often used for specific phobias?

A

Exposure therapy to gradually desensitize the individual to the feared object or situation.

73
Q

What is the first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective first-line treatment.

74
Q

What is the difference between selective mutism and social anxiety disorder?

A

Selective mutism involves the inability to speak in certain social situations, while social anxiety is a fear of being judged in those situations.

75
Q

What is one long-term strategy to manage panic disorder?

A

Learning to challenge distorted thinking and using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety.

76
Q

What is an example of a specific phobia?

A

A fear of flying or a fear of heights.

77
Q

How does family therapy help with childhood anxiety disorders?

A

It helps to reduce family stress, improve communication, and teach coping skills to both the child and the family.

78
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in anxiety disorders?

A

The amygdala is involved in the processing of fear and stress responses and is often overactive in anxiety disorders.

79
Q

What is a key factor in reducing the impact of panic disorder?

A

Learning to regulate breathing and understanding that panic attacks are not life-threatening.

80
Q

What is the relationship between trauma and anxiety disorders?

A

Trauma can be a significant trigger for developing anxiety disorders such as PTSD and panic disorder.

81
Q

How can relaxation techniques help manage anxiety?

A

They reduce the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as muscle tension and heart rate, helping to calm the body and mind.

82
Q

What role does dopamine play in anxiety?

A

Dopamine, along with serotonin and norepinephrine, plays a role in mood regulation, and imbalances can contribute to anxiety.

83
Q

How does exposure therapy work for treating phobias?

A

It involves gradual, controlled exposure to the feared object or situation until the anxiety decreases.

84
Q

What is the primary focus of mindfulness-based therapies?

A

To help individuals develop awareness of their thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations without judgment.

85
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in anxiety disorders?

A

The hippocampus helps to process and store memories, and dysfunction in this area may contribute to heightened anxiety.

86
Q

What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for panic disorder?

A

SSRIs or SNRIs are often prescribed as the first-line treatment for panic disorder.

87
Q

What is the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

It affects about 1-2% of the population.

88
Q

How does a panic attack differ from generalized anxiety?

A

Panic attacks are sudden and intense, while generalized anxiety involves chronic worry about various life aspects.

89
Q

What are beta-blockers used for in anxiety treatment?

A

Beta-blockers can help control physical symptoms of anxiety, such as a racing heart.

90
Q

What is one sign of social anxiety in children?

A

Avoiding eye contact, avoiding speaking in front of others, or refusing to participate in group activities.

91
Q

How do cognitive distortions contribute to anxiety?

A

Cognitive distortions like catastrophizing can amplify feelings of fear and worry.

92
Q

What is the prevalence of panic disorder among women compared to men?

A

Panic disorder is more common in women than men, with a ratio of about 2:1.

93
Q

What is an important consideration when prescribing benzodiazepines?

A

The risk of dependence and the potential for withdrawal symptoms.

94
Q

How do anxiety disorders affect sleep?

A

Anxiety can lead to difficulties falling asleep or staying asleep due to constant worry and hyperarousal.

95
Q

How do behavioral therapies address avoidance in anxiety?

A

Behavioral therapies encourage facing feared situations to reduce avoidance behaviors and diminish anxiety.

96
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve in anxiety regulation?

A

The vagus nerve helps regulate the parasympathetic nervous system, and dysfunction can contribute to heightened anxiety.

97
Q

What is the connection between anxiety and physical health?

A

Anxiety can increase the risk of conditions like heart disease, digestive issues, and chronic pain.

98
Q

What is an example of a mindfulness technique for anxiety?

A

Deep breathing or guided meditation can help individuals manage anxious thoughts and physical symptoms.

99
Q

How does avoidance behavior contribute to the persistence of anxiety?

A

Avoiding feared situations can reinforce the anxiety, making it more difficult to overcome over time.

100
Q

What is the primary goal of treating anxiety disorders?

A

To reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, and enhance coping strategies for managing anxiety.

101
Q

What is a common physical symptom of social anxiety?

A

Blushing, sweating, or trembling in social situations due to fear of judgment.

102
Q

How can childhood anxiety affect academic performance?

A

It can lead to difficulties with concentration, test anxiety, and avoidance of school activities.

103
Q

What are the benefits of long-term therapy for anxiety disorders?

A

It can provide ongoing support, help reinforce coping skills, and reduce the likelihood of relapse.

104
Q

How can the family environment affect childhood anxiety?

A

A high-stress family environment or overprotective parenting can contribute to the development of anxiety in children.

105
Q

What role do serotonin and norepinephrine play in anxiety?

A

Both neurotransmitters are involved in mood regulation, and imbalances are thought to contribute to anxiety disorders.

106
Q

What is a common treatment combination for panic disorder?

A

A combination of medication (SSRIs) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

107
Q

How can mindfulness improve self-regulation in anxiety sufferers?

A

Mindfulness helps individuals become aware of their emotional responses and develop healthier reactions to anxiety.

108
Q

What is a common comorbid condition with generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Depression is often comorbid with GAD.

109
Q

What is the purpose of relaxation techniques in treating anxiety?

A

They help reduce the body’s stress response, providing temporary relief from anxiety symptoms.

110
Q

How does a panic attack affect the body physiologically?

A

It causes a rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, and increased muscle tension.

111
Q

What is a common misconception about panic attacks?

A

That the individual is in physical danger, which is not true—panic attacks are not life-threatening.

112
Q

What are some common triggers for social anxiety?

A

Public speaking, meeting new people, or situations where the person feels scrutinized.

113
Q

How does avoidance of anxiety-provoking situations affect the disorder?

A

It reinforces the anxiety, leading to increased fear and further avoidance behaviors.

114
Q

What is a possible long-term consequence of untreated anxiety disorders?

A

Chronic anxiety can lead to depression, substance abuse, or other mental health conditions.

115
Q

How can medication help in the treatment of anxiety disorders?

A

Medication can help regulate neurotransmitter levels, providing relief from symptoms of anxiety.

116
Q

How does CBT help challenge anxious thoughts?

A

CBT helps individuals recognize and change distorted, irrational thoughts that contribute to anxiety.

117
Q

What is a common side effect of SSRIs in anxiety treatment?

A

Nausea, headaches, and changes in appetite or sleep patterns.

118
Q

How can anxiety be managed in the workplace?

A

Through relaxation techniques, time management, and seeking support from supervisors or coworkers.

119
Q

What role do support groups play in managing anxiety?

A

They provide a safe space to share experiences, learn coping strategies, and receive emotional support.

120
Q

What is a common symptom of selective mutism in children?

A

A child may refuse to speak in social settings, despite being able to speak in familiar or safe environments.

121
Q

What are the long-term effects of untreated generalized anxiety disorder?

A

It can lead to chronic worry, poor physical health, and impaired social and occupational functioning.

122
Q

How do environmental factors contribute to anxiety?

A

Stressful life events, trauma, or social pressures can increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders.

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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