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Psychopathology > Feeding and Eating Disorders > Flashcards

Feeding and Eating Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of eating disorder cases occur in adolescents and young adults?

A

Over 90% of eating disorder cases occur in adolescents and young adults.

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2
Q

Is there a rising concern in younger populations regarding eating disorders?

A

Yes, there is an increasing concern in younger populations, especially in children.

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3
Q

How much has the number of eating disorder cases increased in the last decade?

A

There has been a 50% increase in eating disorder cases in the U.S. in the last decade.

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4
Q

What are common comorbidities with eating disorders?

A

Eating disorders are commonly comorbid with affective disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, personality disorders, and a history of sexual abuse.

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5
Q

What socio-cultural pressures contribute to eating disorders?

A

Dieting and weight stigma, along with cultural focus on appearance, contribute to eating disorders.

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6
Q

How does objectification relate to eating disorders?

A

Objectification and linking self-worth to appearance can contribute to eating disorders.

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7
Q

What are FDA-approved diabetes medications that also aid in weight loss?

A

Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), Liraglutide, and Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) are FDA-approved for weight loss.

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8
Q

What is the obesity rate for adults in the U.S. (2017-2018)?

A

42.4% of adults in the U.S. are obese, and 9.2% are severely obese.

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9
Q

What is the obesity rate for youth (12-19 years old) in the U.S.?

A

20.6% of youth aged 12-19 are obese in the U.S.

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10
Q

What is the role of family systems in anorexia nervosa?

A

Family systems may involve enmeshment, lack of boundaries, and a focus on autonomy through food control.

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11
Q

How do cognitive factors contribute to anorexia nervosa?

A

Cognitive distortions and low self-efficacy perceptions, often exacerbated by parents’ responses to hunger cues, contribute to anorexia nervosa.

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12
Q

How does serotonin influence eating disorders?

A

Low serotonin levels are linked to bulimia, influencing emotional regulation and food intake.

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13
Q

What is insula dysregulation, and how does it relate to eating disorders?

A

Insula dysregulation affects emotion and body awareness, contributing to eating disorders.

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14
Q

What is binging in the context of eating disorders?

A

Binging refers to overeating in anorexia nervosa (perceived excessive intake) and actual over-consumption in bulimia.

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15
Q

What are purging behaviors in eating disorders?

A

Purging behaviors include vomiting, and the use of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas to expel food.

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16
Q

What are non-purging behaviors in eating disorders?

A

Non-purging behaviors involve excessive exercise or fasting to compensate for food intake.

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17
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa?

A

The lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa is between 0.5% and 4%.

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18
Q

What are the key characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A

Key characteristics include a pursuit of thinness, cognitive dysfunction, and a 56% higher suicide risk.

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19
Q

What medical complications are associated with anorexia nervosa?

A

Medical complications include electrolyte imbalance, amenorrhea, and bone loss.

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20
Q

What are the essential features of anorexia nervosa?

A

The essential features include significant food restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and body image disturbance.

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21
Q

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

A

BMI is calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m²).

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22
Q

What pharmacological treatments are used for anorexia nervosa?

A

Antidepressants, including tricyclics and SSRIs, are used to treat anorexia nervosa.

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23
Q

What psychotherapy approaches are used to treat anorexia nervosa?

A

Family-Based Therapy (FBT), CBT, and dynamic therapy are used in treating anorexia nervosa.

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24
Q

What are the different treatment settings for anorexia nervosa?

A

Treatment settings range from outpatient care to inpatient and residential care.

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25
Q

What are the possible treatment outcomes for anorexia nervosa?

A

Treatment outcomes vary; some individuals recover while others experience chronic symptoms.

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26
Q

What criteria warrant hospitalization for anorexia nervosa?

A

Hospitalization is necessary for severe weight loss, malnutrition, cardiac issues, suicidality, and family crisis.

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27
Q

What role does enmeshment play in anorexia nervosa?

A

Enmeshment, or a lack of boundaries, contributes to dysfunctional family dynamics that may exacerbate anorexia nervosa.

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28
Q

How do cognitive distortions affect individuals with anorexia nervosa?

A

Cognitive distortions lead to illogical beliefs about body image, food, and self-worth, exacerbating anorexia nervosa.

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29
Q

How is family-based therapy (FBT) used to treat anorexia nervosa?

A

FBT focuses on involving the family in the treatment process, helping to address enmeshment and support the patient’s recovery.

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30
Q

What are some signs that anorexia nervosa is chronic?

A

Chronic anorexia nervosa can result in long-term medical complications, such as bone loss and persistent body image disturbances.

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31
Q

How does low self-efficacy contribute to eating disorders?

A

Low self-efficacy can lead to a feeling of helplessness, making it difficult for individuals to resist urges to binge or restrict food.

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32
Q

What is the relationship between eating disorders and substance abuse?

A

Eating disorders often co-occur with substance abuse as a coping mechanism for emotional distress.

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33
Q

How does anxiety contribute to the development of eating disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders can lead to maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as restrictive eating or binging.

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34
Q

How does affective disorder (e.g., depression) relate to eating disorders?

A

Individuals with eating disorders may struggle with low mood and negative affect, contributing to their disordered eating behaviors.

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35
Q

What cultural factors contribute to eating disorders in adolescents?

A

Cultural pressures to diet, thinness ideals, and objectification can influence eating behaviors in adolescents.

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36
Q

How can dieting lead to eating disorders?

A

Excessive dieting and the focus on weight can lead to disordered eating patterns, such as restrictive eating or binging.

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37
Q

What is the impact of sexual abuse history on eating disorders?

A

A history of sexual abuse is a common risk factor for developing eating disorders, as it can contribute to body image issues and disordered eating behaviors.

38
Q

How does the pursuit of thinness contribute to eating disorders?

A

The intense focus on achieving and maintaining a thin body can lead to restrictive eating and unhealthy weight control behaviors.

39
Q

What is the relationship between obesity and eating disorders?

A

Obesity can co-occur with eating disorders, and disordered eating patterns can both contribute to and result from obesity.

40
Q

What are the common signs of bulimia nervosa?

A

Bulimia nervosa often involves binging and purging, including vomiting, laxative use, and excessive exercise.

41
Q

What is the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

A

Anorexia nervosa involves food restriction and fear of gaining weight, while bulimia nervosa involves binging and purging behaviors.

42
Q

What role does serotonin play in bulimia nervosa?

A

Low serotonin levels are linked to bulimia, particularly in the regulation of appetite and mood.

43
Q

What is the role of excessive exercise in eating disorders?

A

Excessive exercise is a non-purging behavior used to control weight and compensate for food intake in eating disorders.

44
Q

How does body image disturbance contribute to eating disorders?

A

Distorted body image, where individuals perceive themselves as overweight despite evidence to the contrary, contributes to eating disorders.

45
Q

What are some long-term medical consequences of eating disorders?

A

Long-term consequences include bone loss, cardiovascular issues, and gastrointestinal damage.

46
Q

How does bulimia nervosa impact the digestive system?

A

Purging behaviors like vomiting can cause esophageal rupture, stomach damage, and electrolyte imbalances.

47
Q

What is the relationship between eating disorders and low self-esteem?

A

Low self-esteem can drive individuals to focus on appearance and body weight, contributing to eating disorders.

48
Q

How can eating disorders lead to suicidal behavior?

A

The emotional and physical toll of eating disorders, along with the cognitive distortions they cause, can increase the risk of suicide.

49
Q

How can family therapy address the enmeshment in anorexia nervosa?

A

Family therapy can help establish boundaries, improve communication, and reduce enmeshment, aiding in recovery.

50
Q

How do societal beauty standards affect eating disorder prevalence?

A

Societal beauty standards emphasizing thinness contribute to higher rates of eating disorders, particularly among young women.

51
Q

How does anorexia nervosa affect menstrual cycles?

A

Anorexia nervosa can lead to amenorrhea, or the absence of menstruation, due to extreme weight loss.

52
Q

How do family systems contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa?

A

Family systems with enmeshment, lack of boundaries, and poor communication can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa.

53
Q

What is “quasi-intimacy” in the context of anorexia nervosa?

A

“Quasi-intimacy” refers to poor family dynamics in which emotional needs are unmet, often leading to control through food.

54
Q

What cognitive factor is linked to anorexia nervosa, according to Hilde Bruch?

A

Hilde Bruch highlighted that parents’ responses to hunger cues can influence cognitive distortions in anorexia nervosa.

55
Q

What are the physical effects of severe malnutrition in anorexia nervosa?

A

Severe malnutrition in anorexia nervosa can lead to electrolyte imbalances, bone loss, and even organ failure.

56
Q

How does excessive exercise relate to eating disorders?

A

Excessive exercise is a compensatory behavior in eating disorders, particularly bulimia and anorexia, to control weight.

57
Q

What is the role of serotonin in the brain and eating disorders?

A

Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating mood, appetite, and impulse control, and low levels are associated with bulimia and anorexia.

58
Q

How does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) work for eating disorders?

A

CBT helps individuals identify and challenge cognitive distortions, changing unhealthy thought patterns and behaviors related to food.

59
Q

What is the role of Family-Based Therapy (FBT) in treating anorexia nervosa?

A

FBT focuses on re-establishing healthy family dynamics, encouraging autonomy, and improving communication in the treatment of anorexia.

60
Q

How does purging behavior affect the body, especially in bulimia nervosa?

A

Purging behaviors such as vomiting can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and damage to the digestive system, including the teeth and esophagus.

61
Q

What is the importance of early intervention in eating disorders?

A

Early intervention improves treatment outcomes by addressing disordered eating behaviors before they lead to long-term health consequences.

62
Q

How do distorted beliefs about food contribute to anorexia nervosa?

A

Distorted beliefs, such as seeing food as a source of control or feeling guilt after eating, are key cognitive factors in anorexia nervosa.

63
Q

What are some common psychological triggers for eating disorders?

A

Psychological triggers include stress, trauma, low self-esteem, and perfectionism, which can contribute to disordered eating.

64
Q

How does anorexia nervosa affect mental health aside from food?

A

Anorexia nervosa is often accompanied by anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, complicating treatment and recovery.

65
Q

What role do genetics play in eating disorders?

A

Genetic factors may increase vulnerability to eating disorders, though environmental factors like family dynamics and societal pressures also play a major role.

66
Q

What is the role of medication in treating bulimia nervosa?

A

Medications such as SSRIs are often prescribed for bulimia nervosa to help regulate mood, reduce binge-purge cycles, and improve impulse control.

67
Q

What are the challenges in diagnosing anorexia nervosa?

A

Diagnosing anorexia nervosa can be challenging due to the patient’s denial of their condition, and the focus on controlling food intake as a coping mechanism.

68
Q

How does bulimia nervosa affect the cardiovascular system?

A

Bulimia nervosa can lead to heart issues, including arrhythmias, due to electrolyte imbalances caused by purging behaviors.

69
Q

How does purging lead to gastrointestinal issues in eating disorders?

A

Purging can damage the digestive tract, causing conditions like esophageal rupture, constipation, and bloating.

70
Q

What are the long-term effects of untreated anorexia nervosa?

A

Long-term effects include osteoporosis, infertility, and cardiovascular problems, often leading to chronic health issues.

71
Q

What is the role of self-worth in eating disorders?

A

Individuals with eating disorders often tie their self-worth to appearance, weight, or food intake, leading to unhealthy behaviors.

72
Q

How can weight stigma contribute to the development of eating disorders?

A

Societal emphasis on thinness and stigmatization of obesity can lead to disordered eating behaviors as individuals attempt to meet societal expectations.

73
Q

What is the significance of body image distortion in eating disorders?

A

Body image distortion involves perceiving oneself as overweight or flawed, even when objective evidence shows otherwise, contributing to eating disorders.

74
Q

How does family-based therapy differ from individual therapy in anorexia treatment?

A

Family-based therapy involves the family in the treatment process, helping them support the patient’s recovery, while individual therapy focuses on the individual’s personal issues.

75
Q

What are some key risk factors for the development of eating disorders?

A

Key risk factors include a history of trauma, societal pressures, genetics, family dynamics, and pre-existing mental health conditions like anxiety or depression.

76
Q

What is the relationship between eating disorders and emotional regulation?

A

Many eating disorders involve dysregulated emotions, with food and eating behaviors used as a way to cope with emotional distress.

77
Q

How does culture contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa?

A

Cultural pressures, particularly the idealization of thinness, contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa by promoting restrictive eating behaviors.

78
Q

What is the connection between eating disorders and perfectionism?

A

Perfectionism can drive individuals to set unrealistic standards for themselves, particularly related to body image, food intake, and weight.

79
Q

What is the role of treatment setting in eating disorder recovery?

A

The treatment setting—whether outpatient, inpatient, or residential—impacts the level of care and support available, influencing recovery outcomes.

80
Q

How does obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) overlap with eating disorders?

A

OCD symptoms, such as rigid control over food intake or compulsive exercising, can overlap with behaviors seen in eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia.

81
Q

How do eating disorders impact hormonal functioning?

A

Eating disorders can disrupt hormone levels, leading to issues like amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) and infertility.

82
Q

What psychological therapies are effective for bulimia nervosa?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) are effective in treating bulimia by helping individuals control binge-purge cycles.

83
Q

How does society’s focus on dieting influence eating disorders?

A

Society’s constant focus on dieting and weight loss can lead to disordered eating behaviors, particularly in individuals vulnerable to eating disorders.

84
Q

What is the relationship between eating disorders and impulsivity?

A

Impulsivity is common in eating disorders, particularly in bulimia nervosa, where individuals may act impulsively to alleviate negative emotions through food consumption or purging.

85
Q

What is a common medical complication in bulimia nervosa?

A

A common medical complication of bulimia nervosa is electrolyte imbalance, which can lead to heart problems or even death.

86
Q

How can trauma history influence eating disorders?

A

Trauma, especially sexual abuse, can significantly increase the risk of developing eating disorders as individuals may use food to cope with emotional pain.

87
Q

What are the risks associated with excessive use of weight loss drugs?

A

Excessive use of weight loss drugs, particularly those not prescribed by a doctor, can cause serious health issues, including heart problems and gastrointestinal damage.

88
Q

How does anorexia nervosa affect bone health?

A

Anorexia nervosa can lead to decreased bone density, making individuals at higher risk for fractures and osteoporosis.

89
Q

What is the role of positive family dynamics in anorexia treatment?

A

Positive family dynamics, including good communication, healthy boundaries, and support, are essential in the recovery process for anorexia nervosa.

90
Q

How does binge eating disorder (BED) differ from bulimia nervosa?

A

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) involves episodes of overeating without the purging behaviors seen in bulimia nervosa.

91
Q

What is the relationship between eating disorders and gastrointestinal issues?

A

Eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as constipation, bloating, and damage to the digestive system.

92
Q

How does CBT help with the emotional aspects of eating disorders?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps individuals identify and challenge emotional triggers for disordered eating and develop healthier coping mechanisms.

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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