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Psychopathology > OCD and Related Disorders > Flashcards

OCD and Related Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main brain dysfunction involved in OCD?

A

OCD involves communication problems between the orbital cortex and basal ganglia, which rely on serotonin.

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2
Q

What percentage of the population is affected by OCD annually?

A

1-2% of the population is affected annually.

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3
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of OCD?

A

The lifetime prevalence of OCD is about 3%.

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4
Q

By what age do 30% of people with OCD develop symptoms?

A

30% of individuals with OCD develop symptoms by age 15.

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5
Q

By what age do 80% of individuals with OCD develop symptoms?

A

80% of individuals with OCD develop symptoms by age 24.

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6
Q

What is the typical course of OCD?

A

OCD is typically chronic, with symptoms fluctuating in severity.

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7
Q

What is the comorbidity rate for depression in individuals with OCD?

A

Over 50% of individuals with OCD also experience major depression.

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8
Q

In what percentage of OCD cases are obsessions and compulsions present?

A

Obsessions and compulsions are present in 85% of OCD cases.

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9
Q

What are obsessions in OCD?

A

Obsessions are persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause anxiety.

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10
Q

How do individuals with OCD typically perceive their obsessions?

A

Individuals with OCD recognize that their obsessions are illogical but are unable to control them.

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11
Q

How do compulsions provide relief in OCD?

A

Compulsions provide temporary relief from the anxiety caused by obsessions, reinforcing the cycle.

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12
Q

Are compulsions in OCD pleasurable?

A

No, compulsions are not pleasurable but are performed to alleviate anxiety.

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13
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A

Hoarding disorder involves persistent accumulation of possessions leading to clutter and impaired functioning.

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14
Q

What is trichotillomania?

A

Trichotillomania is a compulsive hair-pulling disorder, often with associated rituals.

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15
Q

What is excoriation disorder?

A

Excoriation disorder involves repetitive skin-picking resulting in wounds.

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16
Q

What should be ruled out in excoriation disorder?

A

Causes like cocaine use or scabies should be ruled out.

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17
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

Body dysmorphic disorder involves obsessive focus on perceived physical flaws, leading to compulsive behaviors.

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18
Q

What is substance/medication-induced OCD?

A

OCD symptoms triggered by substances such as cocaine or medications.

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19
Q

What combination of therapies is most effective in treating OCD?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) paired with Exposure Therapy is the most effective treatment approach.

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20
Q

What is a key advantage of behavior therapy in OCD treatment?

A

Behavior therapy has long-term benefits, even after treatment ends, unlike medications.

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21
Q

What is the primary class of medication used to treat OCD?

A

Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, are primarily used to treat OCD.

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22
Q

What is the focus of cognitive therapy in treating OCD?

A

The focus is on addressing distorted beliefs that contribute to OCD symptoms.

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23
Q

What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD?

A

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) are the first-line treatment for OCD.

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24
Q

What is Clomipramine, and how is it used in OCD treatment?

A

Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in treating OCD, typically in doses of 150-250 mg/day.

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25
Q

What is the typical dosage range for Fluoxetine (Prozac) in OCD treatment?

A

The typical dosage range for Fluoxetine (Prozac) is 20-80 mg/day.

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26
Q

What is the typical dosage range for Paroxetine (Paxil) in OCD treatment?

A

The typical dosage range for Paroxetine (Paxil) is 20-60 mg/day.

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27
Q

What is the typical dosage range for Sertraline (Zoloft) in OCD treatment?

A

The typical dosage range for Sertraline (Zoloft) is 50-200 mg/day.

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28
Q

What is the typical dosage range for Fluvoxamine (Luvox) in OCD treatment?

A

The typical dosage range for Fluvoxamine (Luvox) is 100-300 mg/day.

29
Q

How long does it take for OCD medications to show an initial response?

A

Initial response is typically seen in 4-8 weeks.

30
Q

How long does it take for OCD medications to show maximum response?

A

Maximum response is typically seen in over 12 weeks.

31
Q

What is the typical symptom improvement rate with OCD medications?

A

Medications typically provide 35-60% improvement in symptoms.

32
Q

What is the role of serotonin in OCD?

A

Serotonin helps regulate mood and information processing, and low levels are thought to contribute to OCD.

33
Q

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the brain dysfunction of OCD?

A

Serotonin is primarily involved in the brain dysfunction associated with OCD.

34
Q

What is the gender distribution for OCD?

A

OCD affects men and women equally across various ethnicities.

35
Q

What is the ethnic distribution for OCD?

A

OCD affects individuals equally across different ethnic groups.

36
Q

What is the relationship between OCD and depression?

A

Over 50% of people with OCD also experience major depression.

37
Q

What are the common behaviors associated with compulsions in OCD?

A

Common compulsive behaviors include washing, checking, counting, or repeating actions.

38
Q

What is the primary focus of treatment for OCD-related disorders?

A

Treatment typically focuses on reducing compulsive behaviors and addressing the anxiety associated with obsessions.

39
Q

What role does Exposure Therapy play in treating OCD?

A

Exposure Therapy helps individuals confront their fears in a controlled manner to reduce anxiety and compulsions.

40
Q

How does CBT work in the treatment of OCD?

A

CBT helps individuals recognize and challenge distorted thoughts and beliefs that fuel OCD symptoms.

41
Q

What is a potential side effect of SSRIs used in OCD treatment?

A

Potential side effects include nausea, sleep disturbances, and sexual dysfunction.

42
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in OCD?

A

The basal ganglia are involved in controlling behaviors and are thought to malfunction in OCD.

43
Q

What is a behavioral technique often used in treating OCD?

A

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), a form of CBT, is commonly used in treating OCD.

44
Q

What is the function of compulsive behaviors in OCD?

A

Compulsive behaviors are performed to temporarily alleviate the anxiety caused by obsessions.

45
Q

How does negative reinforcement play a role in OCD?

A

Negative reinforcement occurs when compulsions reduce anxiety, reinforcing the behavior.

46
Q

What is one treatment approach for hoarding disorder?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is commonly used to treat hoarding disorder.

47
Q

What is the relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and OCD?

A

Both involve obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, but body dysmorphic disorder focuses on perceived physical flaws.

48
Q

How does the brain’s orbital cortex contribute to OCD?

A

The orbital cortex is involved in processing information and may malfunction in individuals with OCD.

49
Q

What is a characteristic of the compulsions in OCD?

A

Compulsions are repetitive and rigid, performed in response to intrusive thoughts.

50
Q

How does trichotillomania differ from OCD?

A

Trichotillomania specifically involves compulsive hair-pulling, while OCD includes a variety of compulsive behaviors.

51
Q

What is the main focus of medication in treating OCD?

A

Medication primarily aims to balance serotonin levels and alleviate symptoms of OCD.

52
Q

How can tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) help in OCD treatment?

A

TCAs, like Clomipramine, help by increasing serotonin levels and are used in treating OCD.

53
Q

How does excoriation disorder relate to OCD?

A

Excoriation disorder shares the compulsive behavior aspect of OCD, but focuses on skin-picking.

54
Q

How does CBT help individuals with OCD?

A

CBT helps by challenging irrational thoughts and reducing the reliance on compulsive behaviors.

55
Q

What is a long-term treatment benefit of behavior therapy for OCD?

A

Behavior therapy has lasting effects even after the treatment ends.

56
Q

What is the focus of exposure in exposure therapy for OCD?

A

The focus is to expose individuals to feared situations or thoughts without performing compulsions.

57
Q

How does serotonin affect OCD symptoms?

A

Low serotonin levels are thought to contribute to the development of OCD symptoms.

58
Q

What is the purpose of exposure therapy in treating OCD?

A

To help individuals gradually face feared situations, reducing the need for compulsions.

59
Q

How can medications for OCD improve quality of life?

A

Medications help reduce anxiety and compulsions, allowing individuals to function better in daily life.

60
Q

What is a common feature of OCD-related disorders?

A

They all involve repetitive behaviors or mental acts aimed at reducing distress caused by intrusive thoughts.

61
Q

What are the benefits of combining medication and therapy for OCD?

A

Combining both approaches provides more effective and long-lasting symptom management.

62
Q

How do SSRIs affect serotonin levels in the brain?

A

SSRIs increase serotonin availability in the brain, helping to alleviate OCD symptoms.

63
Q

What is the goal of ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention) in OCD treatment?

A

The goal is to prevent compulsive behaviors after exposure to anxiety-provoking thoughts or situations.

64
Q

What should be ruled out before diagnosing excoriation disorder?

A

Potential causes like cocaine use or scabies should be ruled out before diagnosing excoriation disorder.

65
Q

What is the difference between OCD and body dysmorphic disorder?

A

OCD involves a variety of intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, while body dysmorphic disorder is focused on perceived physical flaws.

66
Q

What is a key characteristic of compulsions in OCD?

A

Compulsions are repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions.

67
Q

Does the brain’s orbital cortex contribute to OCD?

A

The orbital cortex is involved in processing information and may malfunction in individuals with OCD.

68
Q

What is the goal of ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention) in OCD treatment?

A

The goal is to reduce compulsive behaviors by preventing individuals from performing their usual rituals.

69
Q

How do rituals in OCD relate to compulsions?

A

Rituals are repetitive actions performed to alleviate anxiety caused by obsessions, which are compulsions.

Psychopathology (6 decks)

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