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PY353 > Substance Abuse > Flashcards

Substance Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Substance abuse is a type of _______.

A

behaviour

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2
Q

Substance abuse is

A

the use of drugs in a non-prescribed manner or disapproved of by society. It could be recreation use (i.e. non medicinal drugs).
It is often associated with negative social and personal problems. It is not necessarily accompanied by dependence (e.g. social drinkers are not necessarily dependent on alcohol) BUT abuse carries a risk of dependence and/ or addiction

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3
Q

Dependence is a type of _____.

A

state

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4
Q

Physical dependence is

A

an altered state involving physical dependence when use of drug is suspended. Body NEEDS it in order to function to the new normal state. Can be intense. Can result in vomiting, nausea, headache

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5
Q

Psychological dependence is

A

a state involving drive requiring periodic or continuous use of drug in order to produce pleasure or avoid discomfort (withdrawal anxiety)

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6
Q

Addiction is a type of _______

A

disorder

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7
Q

Addiction is characterised by:

Treatment often requires

A
  • abuse and dependence
  • compulsive and uncontrollable drug seeking
  • persistence in the face of negative consequences
  • relapsing disorder

more than treatment of the dependent state

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8
Q

morphine, heroin:
primary target =
action on target =

A

mu opioid receptor

agonist

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9
Q

ketamine, PCP:
primary target =
action on target =

A

NMDA- receptor

blocks the ion channel

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10
Q

cocaine:
primary target =
action on target =

A

DA transporter

blocks reuptake

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11
Q

amphetamine, MDMA (ecstacy)
primary target =
action on target =

A

DA and 5-HT transporter

stimulates release and reverses action of transporter

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12
Q

alcohol:
primary target =
action on target =

A

ion channels

mimics glutamate antagonists and GABA agonists

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13
Q

nicotine:
primary target =
action on target =

A

nACh receptor

agonist

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14
Q

THC:
primary target =
action on target =

A

CB1 receptor

partial agonist

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15
Q

What are the four common behavioural actions of abused drugs?

A
  • Subjective effects
  • Reinforcing effects
  • Tolerance
  • Sensitisation
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16
Q

What are subjective effects?

A

ALL drugs of abuse produce subjective effects. These are feelings that are produced by drugs. It is one of the main reasons for drug abuse e.g. euphoria produced by opioids/ stimulants. However, subjective effects are not ALWAYS pleasurable e.g ketamine can produce euphoria & dysphoria. Subjective effect, itself, does not predict the addiction potential. e.g. k receptor agonist are not abused but can often ‘flag’ it up

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17
Q

Subjective effect; what role does it have in drug taking? There are 4 stages:

A
  • initiation; curious about effects
  • continued; desire to re-experience
  • tolerance; euphoria produced by stimulants/ opioids leads to dose escalation, greater frequency
  • internal cues; triggers contribute to bingeing, lack of control and craving for more drug.
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18
Q

What is polydrug abuse

A

This when drugs are mixed to enhance pleasurable effects or to reduce aversive effects. It creates a unique subjective experience and can be done by mixing stimulants and opioids

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19
Q

In pre-clinical studies, subjective effects are modelled using a technique called ____ ________

A

drug discrimination

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20
Q

Explain drug as reinforcers

A

Drugs are said to be reinforcers when they maintain a behaviour above the level obtained with placebo e.g. gin is a reinforcing drug because it maintains drinking behaviour above tonic alone

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21
Q

Positive reinforces are when the drug effects…

A

increase the likelihood that drug taking behaviour will occur

22
Q

Positive reinforcement:

A
  • Nature of reinforcing effect is positive
  • Produces pleasure (rewarding)
  • Other positive function e.g enhance attention, increase sociability.
23
Q

Negative reinforcement:

A

Take a drug to avoid aversive consequence such as

  • Withdrawal
  • reduce craving
  • obliterate reality (alcohol)
24
Q

Are positive and negative reinforcements mutually exclusive?

A

NO! More than one mechanism can occur. Sometimes, the initial drug taking can be reinforced by positive mechanisms but as dependence develops, negative reinforcement mechanisms become important.

25
Q

In pre-clinical studies, reinforcing effects are studied using a model called ____-________

A

self administration

26
Q

Self-administration of drugs by animals suggests common _______________ mechanisms

A

neurobiological e.g

  • neurochemical
  • genetic
  • structure/anatomy
27
Q

Primary reinforcer is

A

something (food, drug) which increases the likelihood that a particular response will be repeated

28
Q

Secondary reinforcer is

A

something that has power over the behaviour through ASSOCIATION with the primary reinforcer e.g money, or environmental objects

29
Q

For addicts, tolerance to the subjective effects may lead to

A

dose escalation

30
Q

What is sensitisation and when does it occur?

A

When there is an increased response to a drug (usually long lasting or permanent) Occurs from intermittent drug use.

31
Q

With sensitisation, the dose response curve shifts to the?

A

left

32
Q

What are some responses that can undergo sensitisation?

A

Toxic effects - convulsions e.g. with cocaine

33
Q

Tolerance and sensitisation occurs at different rates depending on

A

the different effects of drugs

34
Q

Duration difference between tolerance and sensitisation

A

Tolerance may be reversible or short lasting

Sensitisation is long lasting/ permanent

35
Q

What is Intra Cranial Self Stimulation?

A

is the operant conditioning method used to create the BSR response. Brain stimulation reward (BSR) is a phenomenon in which direct stimulation of regions of the brain (medial forebrain bundle; MFB, in lateral hypothalamus to ventral tegmental area; VTA) through either electrical or chemical means is rewarding and can serve as an operant reinforcer. The stimulation activates the reward system and establishes response habits similar to those established by natural rewards such as food and water

36
Q

Neurones of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contain which NT?

A

Dopamine

37
Q

Studies show that DA receptor antagonist can cause?

A

anhedonia (loss of pleasure)

can attenuate responding ICCC, food, sex

38
Q

What are the Dopamine pathways in the brain?

A
  • Nigro-Striatal
  • Meso limbic
  • Meso cortical
  • Tubero infundibular
39
Q

Reward pathway alone =

Reward system =

A
  • Meso limbic pathway

- Meso limbic + Meso cortical

40
Q

Nigro-striatal pathway is from

A

Substantia nigra - striatum

41
Q

Meso-limbic pathway is from

A

VTA - nucleus accumbens/ amygdala

42
Q

Meso-cortical pathway is from

A

VTA - frontal cortex

43
Q

Tubero infundibulum is from

A

Hypothalamus to the median eminence

44
Q

Dopamine release is said to be ______ ______ as there needs to be an act of self-administration - not just a consequence of primary pharmacology of the drugs

A

response contigent

45
Q

In meso limbic pathway, morphine acts on mu receptors in VTA and inhibit GABA release (inhibitor) so now, DA concentrations in the _____ _____, _______.

A

nucelus accumbens , increase

46
Q

From the table with all the substance and primary target, which of have an addiction potential and which increase accumbal dopamine release?

A

ALL have addiction potential and increase Accumbal Dopamine release EXCEPT for bremazocine which act on kappa opioid receptors

47
Q

When addicts react to cues, it is know as

A

abstinent relapse

48
Q

This type of relapse is studied in animals by using ________ models

A

reinstatement

49
Q

What regions of brain are required for reinstatement?

A

amygdala and pre-frontal cortex

50
Q

What are TTX microinjections?

A

Tetrodotoxin. TTX blocks Na channels and therefore nerve impulses. TTX reversibly inactivates regions by preventing nerve impulses.

51
Q

Is DA the only NT involved in reward pathway?

A

NO! Glutamate also involved. Glutamate mediates changes in plasticity (tolerance/sensitisation - NMDA receptor). It is also involved in reactions to ‘cues’ as shown by animal reinstatement studies.

PY353 (19 decks)

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