Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PY353 > Parkinson's Disease > Flashcards

Parkinson's Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 cardinal features of PD. What other features are there?

A
  • Tremor (in hand or finger)
  • Bradykinesia (it takes longer for a person to complete a movement)
  • Rigidity (no smooth movement)
  • Postural Instability (balance problems)
    But also:
  • Freezing
  • Flexion (act of bending due to bent limbs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Parkinson’s Diseases

A

A progressive, neurodegenerative (loss of Dopamine neurones in the brain) disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are dopamine neurones found?

A

Substantia Nigra (in the midbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What symptoms are involved in Parkinsonism?

A

Tremor
Bradikinesia
Rigidity
Posturial instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define idiopathic.

A

When cause of disease is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Expand on Tremor feature of PD. (7 points)

A
  • Unilateral therefore only affects one side
  • Activity dependent/ happens even when resting but more when doing an activity. Essential tremor only occurs with activity.
  • Low frequency (4-7HZ) involuntary movement
  • Can cause supination or pronation a.k.a pill rolling
  • Affects lips, chin, jaw and legs but not the head/neck and voice (unlike essential tremor)
  • can get recurring postural tremor
  • this is not always a present feature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What symptom is said to be the disabling symptom of PD?

A

bradykinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Expand on Bradykinesia feature of PD. (5 points)

What are some other things bradykinesia affects?

A
  • disabling feature of Parkinson’s
  • can cause micrographia (small, cramped handwriting)
  • initially affects fine movements
  • due to basal ganglia damage; substantia niagra has lack of dopamine neurones
  • difficulties with ADL (activities of daily living) such as getting dressed, eating, putting on clothes
  • reduced arm swing
  • festination gate (quickening and shortening of normal strides)
  • hypomimia (blank face) and reduced blinking
  • drooling
  • slow monotonous speech, low volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What types of rigidity are there?

A
  • Muscular stiffness/ pain
  • Cog-wheel rigidity
  • Lead pipe rigidity
  • Froment’s manoeuvre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Postural instability includes features such as f_____. The n___ and tr___ are affected when arms are brought forward in front of the body. This occurs early/late in the disease. It is the cause of ___ percent of falls

A 
flexion
neck
trunk
late
38%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is freezing in PD?

A
  • Sudden and transient (< 10 seconds) inability to move
  • Not a universal feature (only happens to around 50%)
  • can affect legs (mainly), arms and eyelids
  • initiated by visual stimuli or anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some other motor symptoms of PD?

A 
Primitive reflexes:
- glabellar reflex
- palmomental 
- applause sign
Bulbar dysfunction
- sialorrhoea
- dysphagia
- hypophonia
- dysarthria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some non motor symptoms of PD?

A
  • constipation
  • headaches
  • sexual dysfunction
  • sleep disorders
  • cognitive and behaviour abnormalities: dementia, anxiety, OCD and hallucinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At what age can you exclude Wilson’s disease?

A

< 40 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If there is a response to Levodopa, can you diagnose with PD?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Direct pathway - tell me about it

A
  • Striatum releases GABA (inhibitory) neurotransmitter to Globus Pallidus internal.
  • NORMALLY the GPi would inhibit the Thalamus and so the thalamus would not be able to activate the motor cortex and so no signal would be sent to muscles; thus NO MOVEMENT.
  • Since the striatum releases GABA, this inhibits the activity of GPi and so the thalamus is NOT inhibited.
  • Thalamus is free to communicate with motor cortex which can send message to muscle; results in movement.

ANOTHER MECHANISM is present involving the Substantia Nigra.

  • SN releases Dopamine which binds to the D1 (excitatory) receptors, which are present in the striatum.
  • Now, striatum is excited and can release more GABA to the GPi, leading to more inhibition.
  • As a result, thalamus may communicate with motor cortex and can allow for movement.
17
Q

What is present in the dopaminergic neurons in the susbtantia nigra of a person with PD?

A

Lewy body

PY353 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions