Cognition 2

Question 1

Piaget’s conservation task: Conservation is…

Answer 1

The ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.

Question 2

Munker White illusion is….

Answer 2

an optical illusion illustrating the fact that the same target luminance can elicit different perceptions of brightness in different contexts.

Question 3

McGurk effect

Answer 3

illustrates that what our eyes see can influence what we hear.

Question 4

Change blindness effect is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when

Answer 4

a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.

Question 5

Wernicke’s aphasia is

Answer 5

an inability to understand language.

Question 6

What is Wernicke’s aphasia caused by?

Answer 6

damage to left posterior superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

Question 7

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 7

an inability to express oneself through language

Question 8

What is Broca’s aphasia caused by?

Answer 8

damage to left posterior inferior frontal gyrus

Question 9

Why is memory important?

When we encounter novel situations..

Answer 9

• the memory of past similar events help us adapt our behaviour
• the emotional content of our past experiences may determine how we react to new situations
• therefore, memory helps us predict the future.

Question 10

What is the hippocampus involved in?

Answer 10

Memory formation and information processing but not necessarily memory storage

Question 11

What is the basis of synaptic plasticity?

Answer 11

Activity-related alterations in synaptic strength between neurones may lead to structural or functional changes in connectivity that modify bheaviour

Question 12

What is LTP?

Answer 12

Long term potentiation is a persistent increase in synaptic strength following high frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse

Question 13

LTP is considered to be a cellular….

Answer 13

correlate of memory formation

Question 14

Learning induces LTP in ____ region of ________

Answer 14

CA1

hippocampus

Question 15

What molecular and cellular changes occur during memory formation & LTP?

Answer 15

During learning, there is high frequency stimulation which leads to synaptic activation. This causes an increase in intracellular Ca++, leading to gene transcription –> new protein synthesis –> changes in network structure + function —–> memory consolidation + LTP

Question 16

What does FMRP stand for?

Answer 16

Fragile X Mental Retardation Protien

Question 17

Normal FRMP is present on everyone’s…..

Answer 17

X chromosome

Question 18

FRMP plays a role in:

Answer 18

• neuronal plasticity
• synaptic plasticity
• synaptic protein synthesis
• dendritic spine formation

Question 19

In fragile X syndrome, FRMP is

Answer 19

not expressed, therefore non existent.

Question 20

Fragile X syndrom is an X-linked condition associated with

Answer 20

• attention deficits
• intellectual disability
• hyperactivity
• autistic-like behaviours
• anxiety

Question 21

Why are girls less severely affect by Fragile X syndrome than boys?

Answer 21

Because girls have 2 X chromosomes?

Question 22

What are the brain structures that are most sensitive to prenatal alcohol exposure?

Answer 22

Overall, foetus will have a smaller and less developed brain.
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum

Question 23

How does exercise supposedly improve cognition and memory? Exercise increase Growth Factors..

Answer 23

• increases neurogenesis
• increases plasticity
• increases vascular function
• increases cognition