Subject specific vocab Flashcards
1
Q
What is altitude training? (A&P)
A
Training at altitude where there is less oxygen. The body adapts by making more red blood cells to carry oxygen. These additional red blood cells are an advantage for endurance athletes returning to sea level to compete
2
Q
What is a anticipatory rise? (A&P)
A
An increase in heart rate prior to exercise, due to the release of adrenalin.
3
Q
What are articulating bones? (A&P)
A
Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint.
4
Q
What is arterio-venous oxygen difference (A-VO2 diff)? (A&P)
A
The difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood.
5
Q
What is an axis? (A&P)
A
Imaginary line through the body around which it rotates.
6
Q
What are the three type of axis? (A&P)
A
1) longitudinal
2) transverse
3) sagittal
7
Q
What is a longitudinal axis? (A&P)
A
Head to toe
8
Q
What is a transverse axis? (A&P)
A
Through the hips
9
Q
What is a sagittal axis? (A&P)
A
Through the belly button
10
Q
What is the cardiac conduction system? (A&P)
A
A group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle, causing it to contract.
11
Q
What are the main components of the cardiac conduction system? (A&P)
A
The SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
12
Q
What is the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)? (A&P)
A
Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity, intended to pay back the oxygen deficit
13
Q
What is indirect calorimetry? (A&P)
A
A technique that provides an estimation of energy expenditure from the amount of carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumed during rest and steady-state exercise.
14
Q
What is lactate-producing capacity? (A&P)
A
The capacity to produce high levels of lactate during exercise.
15
Q
What is a lactate threshold? (A&P)
A
An abrupt increase in blood lactate.
16
Q
What is a oxygen deficit? (A&P)
A
The difference between the oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen supplied and utilised. Occurs at the onset of exercise.
17
Q
What is a plane? (A&P)
A
Imaginary lines depicting the direction of movement.
18
Q
What the three types of plane? (A&P)
A
1) transverse
2) frontal plane
3) sagittal
19
Q
What is a transverse plane? (A&P)
A
Rotation around the longitudinal axis
20
Q
What is a frontal plane plane? (A&P)
A
Left or right
21
Q
What is a sagittal plane? (A&P)
A
Forwards and backwards
22
Q
What are receptors? (A&P)
A
Part of the nervous system that detects changes in the body
23
Q
What are the three types of receptor? (A&P)
A
1) Baroreceptor
2) Chemoreceptor
3) Proprioceptor
24
Q
What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)? (A&P)
A
The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the oxygen consumed.
25
What is a VO2 max? (A&P)
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in, transported and used by the body per minute.
26
What is VO2 max measured in? (A&P)
Measured in millilitres for each kilogram body weight each minute (ml/kg/min)
27
What is acceleration? (ES)
The rate of change of velocity or the difference between final and initial velocities divided by the time taken.
28
What is a acute injury? (ES)
Sudden event where the cause and onset of pain are identifiable, eg fracture, sprain.
29
What is a chronic injury? (ES)
Also known as an overuse injury which occurs over time, eg Achilles tendonitis, stress fracture.
30
What is drag? (ES)
The dynamic fluid force component that acts in opposition to the motion of an object with respect to a fluid, air or water.
31
What is high intensity interval training (HIIT)? (ES)
An exercise strategy alternating periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods.
32
What is a impulse? (ES)
The effect of a force acting over a period of time. Force multiplied by time. It is also a change in momentum. Impulse is measured in newtons per second (Ns) reduced to kg/s.
33
What is a lever? (ES)
A rigid bar (bone) that turns about an axis to create movement. The force to move the lever comes from muscle/muscles.
34
What does a level contain? (ES)
Fulcrum - fixed point, effort (from the muscle/s to move it)
| Load/resistance (from gravity).
35
What is a lift? (ES)
The dynamic fluid force component that acts perpendicular to the relative motion of an object through a fluid, air or water.
36
What is momentum? (ES)
The quantity of motion of a body. Mass multiplied by velocity.
37
What is a objective? (ES)
Based on empirical data, eg times, scores.
38
What is reliability? (ES)
Relating to the consistency and repeatability of a test.
39
What does qualitative mean? (ES)
More of a subjective than an objective appraisal. Involving opinions relating to the quality of a performance rather than the quantity.
40
What does quantitive mean? (ES)
A measurement which can be quantified as a number, eg time in seconds, or goals scored. There is no opinion expressed (qualitative). It is a fact.
41
What does scalar mean? (ES)
Quantities have only magnitude (size).
42
What is speed? (ES)
The distance covered by a moving object in unit time taken. Distance divided by time.
43
What does subjective mean? (ES)
An impression or judgement on how well a test was performed.
44
What does validity mean? (ES)
The extent to which a test or method measures what it sets out to measure.
45
What are vectors? (ES)
Quantities have both magnitude (size) and direction.
46
Give an example of a vector (ES)
```
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Weight
Momentum
```
47
Give an example of a scalar (ES)
Distance
Speed
Mass
48
What is velocity? (ES)
The rate of change of displacement. Displacement divided by time.
49
What is acceleration measured in? (ES)
(m/s)
50
What is impulse measured in? (ES)
Newtons per second (Ns) reduced to kg/s.
51
What is momentum measured in? (ES)
Kg m/s, or Ns.
52
What is speed measured in? (ES)
(m/s)
53
What is velocity measured in? (ES)
(m/s)
54
What is anticipation? (Skill)
Predicting that something will happen
55
What are the two types of anticipation? (Skill)
1) Temporal
| 2) Spatial
56
What is temporal anticipation? (Skill)
Refers to the timing of an action or when something will occur.
57
What is spatial anticipation? (Skill)
Where an individual thinks an action will occur.
58
What is behaviourism? (Skill)
Primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behaviour. Behaviourist learning theories emphasize changes in behaviour that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner.
59
What is constructivism (social)? (Skill)
The idea that meanings and understandings grow out of social encounters, eg young learners who are in contact with adults or more experienced learners. People who support this idea believe that culture is main determinant of individual development.
60
What is Hick’s law? (Skill)
The more choices there are the slower reaction time.
61
What is the psychological refractory period? (Skill)
The delay in response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli.
62
What is reaction time? (Skill)
The time taken between a stimulus and a response.
63
What are the two types of reaction time? (Skill)
1) Simple reaction time
| 2) Choice reaction time
64
What is simple reaction time? (Skill)
The time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus.
65
What is choice reaction time? (Skill)
The time taken between a stimulus and an action which requires a choice.
66
What is the single channel hypothesis? (Skill)
A hypothesis suggesting that the brain can only deal with one piece of information at a time. When it receives several pieces in rapid succession, a ‘bottleneck’ is formed.
67
What is social leaning? (Skill)
Learning through observation.
68
What is the transfer of learning? (Skill)
When the learning of one skill has an effect on the learning of another.
69
What is aggression? (Psych)
An emotional response (involving anger) to an individual perceived as an enemy or frustrating rival.
70
What is anxiety? (Psych)
A negative emotional state usually associated with feelings of apprehension and worry, caused by over arousal due to a person being stressed.
71
What are the four types of anxiety? (Psych)
1) Somatic
2) Cognitive
3) Trait
4) State
72
What is somatic anxiety? (Psych)
Physiological reactions to stress.
73
What is cognitive anxiety? (Psych)
```
Psychological reactions (unpleasant thoughts, usually
concerned with under achieving) to stress.
```
74
What is trait anxiety? (Psych)
An enduring personality trait, giving a tendency to view all situations as threatening.
75
What is state anxiety? (Psych)
Anxiety felt in a particular situation.
76
What is arousal? (Psych)
A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement.
77
What is assertive behaviour? (Psych)
Acceptable but forceful behaviour.
78
What is attribution retraining? (Psych)
The coach changes the usual external attributions for failure into internal, unstable, controllable factors.
79
What is cohesion? (Psych)
The dynamic forces that cause a team to stick together.
80
What is cognitive dissonance? (Psych)
The lessening of one or more of the conflicting areas that have an impact on negative drive state (which create a feeling of psychological discomfort or tension) to change attitudes.
81
What is evaluation apprehension? (Psych)
A sense of anxiety caused by a performers thinking that their performance is being watched and judged by somebody.
82
What is learned helplessness? (Psych)
The state that occurs when a performer believes that failure is inevitable and that they have no way of changing that outcome.
83
What is self-confidence? (Psych)
A person’s belief in their ability to achieve success.
84
What is self-efficacy? (Psych)
Situation specific self-confidence.
85
What is Self-serving bias? (Psych)
The tendency to attribute success to internal factors and losses or failures to external factors. Protects self-esteem.
86
What does the analogy SMARTER stand for? (Psych)
```
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time bound
Evaluate
Re-do.
```
87
What is social facilitation? (Psych)
The beneficial influence of the presence of others on performance (eg coach, audience, co-actors doing the same activity).
88
What is amateurism? (SAS)
The views and principles of a person who engages in a sport for pleasure rather than for profit.
89
Describe an amateur? (SAS)
Someone who takes part in an activity as a hobby rather than for financial gain.
Someone who has a main job outside of the activity.
Someone who takes part in the activity for fun.
Someone who could be at a lower level.
90
What are anabolic steroids? (SAS)
Artificially produced male hormones mimicking testosterone that promote muscle and bone growth and reduce recovery time. Often used by power athletes, eg sprinters.
91
What are beta blockers?
Drugs that are used to steady nerves by controlling heart rate. They have a calming and relaxing effect.
92
What is commercialisation?
To manage or exploit (an organisation, activity, etc) in a way designed to make a profit.
93
What is doping?
Defined by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase red blood cell count.
94
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
A type of peptide hormone that increases the red blood cell count.
95
What is gamesmanship?
‘Bending the rules’ – often seen as time wasting in some sports.
96
What are National Governing Bodies?
Organisations responsible for the promotion, development and regulation of a sport in the UK.
97
What is media?
Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication.
98
Give examples of media
Printed media, e.g. newspapers.
Broadcast media, eg TV and radio.
Internet/social media, eg Facebook.
Outdoor media, eg billboards.
99
What is a professional?
Someone who receives direct payment for their participation in sporting activities.
100
What is sponsorship?
Provision of funds or other forms of support to an individual or event in return for some commercial return.
101
What is the olympic oath?
A solemn promise
102
Who makes the olympic oath?
One athlete and one judge
103
When does the olympic oath happen?
At the opening ceremonies of each Olympic Games.
104
What is sportsmanship?
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport.
105
What is 'UK Sport'?
The UK wide organisation responsible for delivering world-class sporting success in conjunction with a range of partner organisations.
106
What are whole sport plans?
A four year plan produced by a National Governing Body for the development of its sport.
107
What is deviance?
Behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable.
108
What is the golden triangle?
The link between sports events, sponsorship by businesses and the media.
109
What is indirect calorimetry?
A technique that provides an estimation of energy expenditure from the amount of carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumed during rest and steady-state exercise.
110
What is socialisation?
The learning of society's social norms and values.
