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P.E > Sports Psychology > Flashcards

Sports Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of arousal?

A
  • The state of alertness or readiness of an individual to perform a task
  • Level of arousal varies on a continuum from deep sleep to extreme excitement
  • Arousal involves both physiological and psychological activity
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2
Q

What six factors in sport effect levels of arousal?

A

1) Level of competition
2) Prizes/rewards
3) Team trials - Evaluation
4) Crowds watching
5) Importance of event
6) Not playing well

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3
Q

When does an increase in arousal help performance?

A

1) When a performer is autonomous

2) When the skill is gross

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4
Q

When does an increase in arousal hinder performance?

A

1) When the performer is cognitive

2) When the skill is dine or discrete

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5
Q

What is the equation to explain Hull’s drive theory?

A

P = f (D x H)

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6
Q

What does P = f (D x H) mean?

A

Performance is a function of drive multiplied by habit

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7
Q

What is a dominant response?

A

How a person normally perform

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8
Q

What does Hull’s drive theory show?

A

That increased arousal for an expert or whilst completing a simple task means the dominant response will be correct therefore increasing performance.
That increased arousal for a novice or whilst completing a complex task means the dominant response will be incorrect therefore deteriorated performance through mistakes.

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9
Q

What criticisms are there of Hull’s drive theory?

A

1) Top class performers may fail under increased arousal
2) Fails to recognise over or under arousal
3) Fails to recognise different levels of arousal required for different skills

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10
Q

What year was Hull’s theory done?

A

1943

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11
Q

What year was Spence and Spence theory done?

A

1966

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12
Q

What does inverted U theory show?

A

Performance improves with arousal up to a point (optimal point), where increased levels of arousal bring about decrease in performance

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13
Q

What points of arousal does the inverted U theory highlight?

A

1) Low (under aroused)
2) Moderate (optimally aroused)
3) High (over aroused)

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of under arousal?

A

1) Little adrenaline - low HR
2) Physiological - Sluggish
3) Cognitive - Lack of focus

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of moderate arousal?

A

1) Good selective attention

2) Concentrated

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of over arousal?

A

1) Shaking - increase in HR
2) Physiological - Tension
3) Cognitive - Lack of clear thinking

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17
Q

What are the good points surrounding the inverted U theory?

A

1) Recognise optimal levels of arousal
2) Recognises under and over arousal
3) Flexible for different skills and different performers

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18
Q

What are the bad points surrounding the inverted U theory?

A

When arousal is too high, not always a gradual drop in performance and sometimes a steep drop in performance

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19
Q

What can effect the optimal level of arousal?

A

1) Skill level of performer
2) Personality of performer
3) Type of task

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20
Q

How can the nature of the skill affect where the optimal level of arousal is?

A

Higher levels of arousal are needed for gross or simple skills.
Lower levels go arousal are needed for skills which are fine or complex

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21
Q

How can the skill level of the performer affect where the optimal level of arousal is?

A

Autonomous performers can cope with higher levels of arousal and may help them to focus.
Cognitive performers can easily become over aroused so they need low levels of arousal for optimal performance.

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22
Q

How can the personality of the performer affect where the optimal level of arousal is?

A

Extroverts enjoy high levels of excitement and can usually perform well in high level situations.
Introverts are more likely to perform well under low arousal conditions.

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23
Q

What year was the catastrophe theory constructed?

A

1987

24
Q

What does the catastrophe theory show?

A

An adaption of the inverted U theory. They noticed that performance does not always decline gradually after the OLA and instead sometimes a dramatic decline occurs.

25
Q

What is a catastrophe?

A

A dramatic decline in performance

26
Q

What causes a catastrophe?

A

High levels of cognitive anxiety and high levels of somatic anxiety

27
Q

What is the ZOF?

A

An energied, yet controlled, frame of mind that is focused on the task

28
Q

Name 4 characteristics of the peak flow experience

A

1) Clear goals
2) Totally focused on the task
3) Effortless movement
4) Sense of well being

29
Q

Name 4 factors affecting the peak flow experience

A

1) Fatigue
2) Injury
3) Worrying
4) Poor performance

30
Q

What is somatic anxiety?

A

A physiological response

31
Q

What is cognitive anxiety?

A

A psychological response

32
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

A performer generally perceives situations as threatening

33
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

Anxiety felt in a particular situation or time

34
Q

What is competitive state anxiety?

A

Anxiety levels in a specific sporting situation

35
Q

What is competitive trait anxiety?

A

Anxiety levels in most sporting situations.

36
Q

How could you measure anxiety levels?

A

Self-report questionnaires
Physiological measures
Observation

37
Q

Give the advantages of a questionnaire to measure anxiety (4)

A

1) Quick
2) Cheap
3) Reliable
4) Results can be easily compared

38
Q

Give the disadvantages of a questionnaire to measure anxiety (4)

A

1) Players may not understand the question
2) Answers may also depend on mood and state
3) The questions may be inappropriate so biased results are given
4) Response can be influenced by time it takes to do all the questions

39
Q

Give the advantages of physiological measures to measure anxiety (3)

A

1) Performer can get immediate feedback
2) Measures can be taken during competition
3) They are factual so that comparisons can be made

40
Q

Give the disadvantages of physiological measures to measure anxiety (3)

A

1) Can restrict movement
2) Replication of competition environment is difficult in a lab
3) Performer knows they’re being measured this may produce fake results

41
Q

Give the advantages of observation to measure anxiety (2)

A

1) Accurate

2) Able to see behaviour in a sporting setting

42
Q

Give the disadvantages of observation to measure anxiety (4)

A

1) Very subjective
2) Time consuming
3) Qualified observers needed
4) Observer must know normal behaviour patterns

43
Q

What is sport facilitation?

A

The influence of the presence of others on performance

44
Q

What effects if social facilitation will have a positive or negative impact?

A

1) Ability of performer
2) Task difficulty
3) Personality of performer

45
Q

What year was Zajonc’s model composed?

A

1965

46
Q

What was Zajonc’s model?

A

He defined four different type of audience found in sport

47
Q

What four audiences were involved in Zarjonc’s model?

A

1) Audience
2) Co-actors
3) Competitors
4) Social reinforcers (supporters)

48
Q

Define an audience

A

Passive spectators who observe and make no comments but cause pressure

49
Q

Define what a co-actor is

A

People doing the same thing at the same thing without competition

50
Q

Define what a competitor is

A

People in direct competition

51
Q

Define what a social reinforcer is

A

People who have an influence

52
Q

Give an example of an audience

A

A snooker audience

53
Q

Give an example of a co-actor

A

Driving range

54
Q

Give an example of a competitor

A

Le Tour De France

55
Q

Give an example of a social reinforcer

A

Coach can influence an athlete

P.E (6 decks)

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