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P.E > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What controls the breathing?

A

The respiratory control centre

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2
Q

What controls the heart beating?

A

The cardiac control centre

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3
Q

What controls the blood vessels?

A

The vasomotor control centre

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4
Q

Where is the cardiac control centre?

A

In the medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What is the heart rate regulated by?

A

Neural control

Chemical control

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6
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system made up of?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

What type of control is the cardiac control centre under?

A

Involuntary

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8
Q

What are the three sensory receptors which send information to the cardiac control centre?

A

Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors

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9
Q

Where would you find Chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid arteries

Aortic arch

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10
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in the acidity of the blood (pH levels)

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11
Q

What causes the pH of the blood to change?

A 
Carbon dioxide 
Lactic acid (lower the pH)
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12
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Stimulates the heart to beat faster

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Slows heart rate down to resting levels

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14
Q

What happens when the chemoreceptors detect a change in blood pH?

A

The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated to make the heart beat faster.

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15
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

Increase in arterial pressure (blood pressure)

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16
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Special stretch receptors

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17
Q

Where would you find baroreceptors?

A

Carotid arteries
Walls of aorta
Vena Cava

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18
Q

How do baroreceptors detect a change in arterial pressure?

A

Arterial pressure causes an increase in the stretch of baroreceptors

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19
Q

What happens when the baroreceptors detect an change in arterial pressure?

A

The sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated to make the heart rate increase or decrease.

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20
Q

Where would you find proprioceptors?

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints.

21
Q

What do proprioceptors detect?

A

Change in movement and body position.

22
Q

What happens when the proprioceptors detect a change in movement?

A

At the start of exercise they detect muscle movement and send an impulse to the medulla, which then sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the sinoatrial node to increase heart rate.

23
Q

What does the respiratory control centre control?

A

Depth and rate of breathing

24
Q

What is the scientific name for breathing?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

25
Q

What are the three factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise?

A

Neural control
Chemical control
Hormonal control

26
Q

Why does the body need to get rid of co2?

A

An accumulation of co2 in the body acts as a toxin.

27
Q

What happens when we exercise and co2 builds up in the blood?

A

The respiratory control centre is stimulated to increase respiratory rate.

28
Q

How does the body increase respiratory rate?

A

The inspiratory centre within the RCC sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles causing them to contract.

29
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

30
Q

What job do stretch receptors have in the neural regulation off pulmonary ventilation?

A

Stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory control centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles so that expiration occurs.

31
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

Abdominals

Internal intercostals

32
Q

What job do proprioceptors have in the neural regulation off pulmonary ventilation?

A

Proprioceptors detect an increase in muscle movement and stimulate the RCC to increase breathing rate during exercise.

33
Q

What job do baroreceptors have in the neural regulation off pulmonary ventilation?

A

Baroreceptors detect a decrease in blood pressure and stimulate the RCC to increase breathing rate

34
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system increase heart rate?

A

It releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

35
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

The hearts ‘pacemaker’

36
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Adrenaline is a stress hormone that stimulates the sinoatrial node to increase the speed and force of contraction.

37
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter that aides the spread of the impulse throughout the heart.

38
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute

39
Q

When do chemoreceptors increase heart rate?

A

When they detect an increase in co2

40
Q

When do baroreceptors increase heart rate?

A

When they detect a decrease in blood pressure

41
Q

When do proprioceptors increase heart rate?

A

When they detect an increase in muscle movement

42
Q

When do thermoreceptors increase heart rate?

A

When they detect an increase in temperature.

43
Q

What is the anticipatory rise?

A

Just prior to exercise adrenaline is released and therefore stimulating the sinoatrial node which increases heart rate preparing for activity by delivering more oxygen to the muscles.

44
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

45
Q

How does O2 get into the red blood cells?

A

O2 diffuses from the alveoli in the lungs across the alveolar wall, respiratory membrane and capillary wall into he red blood cells.

46
Q

How does the Co2 get from the red blood cell to the air?

A

Co2 goes from the red blood cells and through the blood plasma tot get to the alveoli.

47
Q

Why does oxygen go from the alveoli to the capillaries and Co2 go from the capillaries to the alveoli?

A

They go down a concentration gradient.

48
Q

What are the three reasons that pulmonary diffusion work?

A

The alveolar membrane is very thin, so only a short distance to travel across.
Lots of alveoli and a big surface area maximises diffusion.
Diameter of capillaries is slightly less than one RBC which means they go through in single file, maximising exposure to oxygen.

P.E (6 decks)

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