Skill Acquisition Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of skill (Knapp, 1963)?
A
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty, often with minimum outlay of time, energy or both
2
Q
Name the characteristics of skill (ACE FACE)
A
Aesthetically pleasing Consistant Efficient - "effortless" Fluent Accurate Controlled Economical
3
Q
What is a continuous skill?
A
A skill which has no clear beginning or end, they could be continued indefinitely
4
Q
What is a serial skill?
A
A skill which consists of several discrete skills linked together
5
Q
What is a discrete skill?
A
A skill which has a defined start and end point
6
Q
What is a self paced skill?
A
A skill which the pacing is decided by the performer
7
Q
What is a externally paced skill?
A
A skill which the pacing is decided by something or someone else.
8
Q
What is a open skill?
A
A skill which is affected by environmental conditions e.g. other people. Not the weather!
9
Q
What is a closed skill?
A
A skill which a pre-learned pattern which can be followed with little reference to the environment
10
Q
What is a gross skill?
A
A skill which uses large muscle groups and are not very precise
11
Q
What is a fine skill?
A
A skill which uses small muscle groups and is precise with intricate movements.
12
Q
What is a low organised skill?
A
A skill which easily broken down into sub-routines
13
Q
What is a high organised skill?
A
A skill which is not easily broken down. Actions tend to be quick and sub-routines merge to create the movement
14
Q
What is a simple skill?
A
A skill which doesn’t require a lot of decision making and not a lot of thinking is needed to produce it
15
Q
What is a complex skill?
A
A skill which many decisions need to made and lots of information is processed
16
Q
What is an example of a continuous skill?
A
Swimming
17
Q
What is an example of a serial skill?
A
Triple jump
18
Q
What is an example of a discrete skill?
A
Tennis serve
19
Q
What is an example of a self paced skill?
A
Climbing
20
Q
What is an example of a externally paced skill?
A
Sailing
21
Q
What is an example of a open skill?
A
Dribbling in hockey
22
Q
What is an example of a closed skill?
A
Gymnastics routine
23
Q
What is an example of a gross skill?
A
Rugby tackle
24
Q
What is an example of a fine skill?
A
Golf putt
25
What is an example of a low organised skill?
Swimming stroke
26
What is an example of a high organised skill?
Volley in football
27
What is an example of a simple skill?
Forward roll
28
What is an example of a complex skill?
Hockey dribble
29
What are the four methods of guidance?
1) Visual
2) Verbal
3) Manual
4) Mechanical
30
What is visual guidance?
The learner watches a model/demonstration of the required task. The intention is to create a mental image.
31
What is verbal guidance?
The learner is given and explanation of the task.
32
What is manual guidance?
The learner is given physical support from a coach or peer. It can also include moving the body to generate a forced response.
33
What is mechanical guidance?
The leaner is given a device/artificial aid to help performance or restrict movement so only the correct movement can occur.
34
Give an example of visual guidance
1) Demo from coach or peer
2) Watching a video
3) Images eg. charts or diagrams
35
Give an example of verbal guidance
1) Giving verbal cues to a player in training - "eyes on the ball'
2) Talking during visual guidance for better understanding
36
Give an example of manual guidance
1) Holding a gymnast during a headstand
| 2) Holding the arm of a tennis player to improve technique
37
Give an example of mechanical guidance
1) Floatation device when learning to swim
2) Harness in trampolining
3) Scrum machine in rugby
38
What six things would you consider when deciding what type of guidance to use?
1) Performers stage of learning
2) Skill complexity
3) Facilities and time available
4) Level of danger in skill
5) Motivation and personality of performer
6) Group size
39
What are the advantages of using visual guidance?
1) Can be used to highlight a specific weakness
2) Shows what the skill should look like
3) Helps create a mental image
40
What are the advantages of using verbal guidance?
1) Good for all stages of learning
2) Enables performer to focus on specific parts of performance
3) Good for feedback
41
What are the advantages of using manual guidance?
1) Good for all stages of learning
2) Builds confidence for movements that are hard to produce alone
3) Helps to develop the correct kinaesthetic feel
42
What are the advantages of using mechanical guidance?
1) Good for all stages of learning
2) Can reduce risks with dangerous skills
3) Helps to develop the correct kinaesthetic feel
43
What are the disadvantages of using visual guidance?
1) Can provide too much information to a novice
2) If a demo is inaccurate it won't be very effective
3) Demotivates performer if unable to replicate the skill
44
What are the disadvantages of using verbal guidance?
1) Overload of information past 2 or 3 points
2) Difficult with large groups
3) Concentration may be lost if it isn't kept brief, relevant and meaningful
45
What are the disadvantages of using manual guidance?
1) Performer could become over reliant on the support
2) Could lose confidence to perform by themselves
3) Limited with complex movements
46
What are the disadvantages of using mechanical guidance?
1) Performer could become over reliant on the support
2) Could lose confidence to perform by themselves
3) Time consuming so can't use with big groups
47
What is whole learning?
The learner performs the skill as a complete unit and without breaking it down into sub-routines
48
What is whole-part-whole learning?
The learner performs the whole skill then practices and aspect or all aspects in isolation, then re-combined back into a whole skill.
49
What is progressive part learning (chaining)?
The learner practices the first part of the skill and then adds parts gradually
50
When would you use whole learning?
1) The skill is fast
2) The skill is simple
3) The performer is advanced
51
When would you use whole-part-whole learning?
1) The skill is highly organised
| 2) The skill is complex
52
When would you use progressive part learning (chaining)?
1) The skill is serial
2) The skill is dangerous
3) Oder and links between sub-routines are important
53
What is an advantage of whole learning?
1) Can get a mental image of the skill as a whole
2) More realistic so it helps perform the skill in competition
3) Helps the skill consistent
54
What is an advantage of whole-part-whole learning?
1) Can help provide motivation when success is achieved
2) Can maintain the feel of the whole skill whilst getting the transition between skills right
3) Fluency of the sub-routines can be maintained
55
What is an advantage of progressive part learning (chaining) ?
1) Allow to focus on one aspect of the skill at a time
2) Learner can rest therefore fatigue is reduced
3) Motivation after performing little parts correctly
56
What is an disadvantage of whole learning?
1) May place unnecessary demands on the performer
2) Possibility of fatigue
3) No fluidity between sub-routines
57
What is an disadvantage of whole-part-whole learning?
1) May produce negative transfer effects
| 2) Time consuming
58
What is an disadvantage of progressive part learning (chaining)?
1) May neglect the whole skill
| 2) Time consuming
59
Give an example of whole learning
A golf swing
60
Give an example of whole-part-whole learning
Volley ball smash
61
Give an example of progressive part learning (chaining)
A dance routine
62
What are the four types of practice?
1) Massed
2) Distributed
3) Varied
4) Mental
63
What is massed practice?
Repeated practice of skills with little or no recovery periods between blocks of trials
64
What is distributed practice?
Repeated practice of skills with a recovery period before repetition of the skill or the development of a new task
65
What is varied practice?
The coach using a mixture of both massed a distributed practice within one session
66
What is mental practice?
The mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill in the athlete's mind, with no actual physical movement taking place
67
When would you use massed practice?
1) Skill is discrete, simple, highly organised and self paced along with a closed environment.
2) Performer is experienced
3) Performer has high levels of fitness
4) Replication of fatigue is required
68
When would you use distributed practice?
1) Performer is a novice
2) Performer has low levels of motivation
3) Performer has low levels of fitness
4) When the weather is hot and humid
69
When would you use varied practice?
1) When the task is boring
2) When the performer has low levels of motivation
3) When the performer has low levels of fitness
4) Keeps it interesting for experienced performers
70
When would you use mental practice?
1) Performer needs to concentrate on developing specific areas of a skill
2) Arousal levels need to be controlled
3) Confidence needs to be developed
4) Performer is injured
71
What are the advantages of massed practice?
1) Promotes fitness
2) Practising without breaks can make the response automatic (habitual)
3) Its quick and effective if short of time
72
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
1) Takes the pressure off the performer as rest periods are included
2) Good for beginners as allows controlled progress and feedback can be given in rest intervals
3) Safe way of practising more dangerous activities.
73
What are the advantages of varied practice?
1) Variety prevents boredom and increases motivation
2) Helps build sub-routine
3) Helps to develop schema
74
What are the advantages of mental practice?
1) Can be done when the player is injured
2) Helps provide a basic picture of requirements of skill
3) Experts may use this more for tactics and getting in the ZOF
75
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
1) Produces fatigue
2) Danger of negative transfer unless coach makes realistic to game
3) Could lead to injury if pushed too hard
76
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
1) Time consuming
2) Not ideal for experts who want to over-learn skills
3) Negative transfer can occur if practises are not linked
77
What are the disadvantages of varied practice?
1) Time consuming
2) Risk of negative transfer if coach doesn't explain how to skills develops into game
3) Performers could be given too much to focus on
78
What are the disadvantages of mental practice?
1) Doesn't work for everyone
2) Need to be trained to use it effectively
3) Can't replace physical training
79
What is an example of massed practice?
Shooting at a goal or basket
80
What can be done in the rest periods of distributed practice?
1) Mental imagery
2) Visual guidance
3) Reduce fatigue
81
What is internal mental practice?
Performer seeing themselves from within completing the action or in the situation and consequently creating a kinaesthetic feel for the actual movement
82
What is external mental practice?
Performer seeing themselves as if they were a spectator or on film. They actually imagine watching themselves performing the skill
83
What is the definition of feedback?
Information received to amend performance and make improvement.
84
What are the 3 functions of feedback?
1) Correction of errors
2) Reinforces a correct action
3) motivation and confidence
85
What are the 6 types of feedback?
```
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Positive
Negative
Knowledge of performance
Knowledge of results
```
86
What is intrinsic feedback?
Comes from within the performer and is received by the sense organs. These provide a sense of where our body is.
87
What is extrinsic feedback?
Comes from an outside source. This enables the performer to gain a view of what they need to improve on.
88
What is positive feedback?
Gives information about about successful performances so they will be repeated. This offers motivation to maintain effort.
89
What is negative feedback?
Information about an unsuccessful action so it can be improved and comment on how movement was incorrect or could have been better.
90
What is knowledge of performance feedback?
Detailed analysis of the action. Information about how well the response is performed and not the end result.
91
What is knowledge of results feedback?
Information about end result of a response, this gives an indication of whether the skill was successful or not.
92
What type of learner uses intrinsic feedback?
Autonomous performers because cognitive performers aren't experienced enough to be able to give themselves feedback.
93
What type of learner uses extrinsic feedback?
Cognitive learners use it more but it is used by everyone because cognitive leaners need to acquire the information from somewhere cause they are new to it.
94
What type of learner uses positive feedback?
Normally cognitive to increase motivation
95
What type of learner uses negative feedback?
Normally autonomous to improve and they can take constructive criticism whereas it may demotivate a cognitive learner.
96
What type of learner uses knowledge of performance feedback?
Autonomous because they want to know how they performed whilst completing the skill so they can improve
97
What type of learner uses knowledge of results feedback?
Cognitive learners just want to be able to do the skill right so they just focus on the results and not on how they got there.
98
What type of feed back will benefit a cognitive performer?
Extrinsic
Positive
KOR
99
What type of feed back will benefit a associative performer?
Extrinsic to intrinsic
Postive to negative
KOR to KOP
100
What type of feed back will benefit a autonomous performer?
Intrinsic
Negative
KOP
