Sport & Society Flashcards
1
Q
When was the Wenlock olympian games founded?
A
1850
2
Q
Who founded the Wenlock olympian games?
A
William Penny Brookes
3
Q
What was the date of the first Wenlock olympian games?
A
October 1850
4
Q
Give three example of events included in the Wenlock olympian games
A
Football
Cricket
Quoits
5
Q
What events made up the pentathlon in 1868?
A
Hurdles Rope climb Putting the stone Running long jump Running high jump
6
Q
What did William Penny Brookes suggest to the Government Education Department?
A
Introducing PE
7
Q
Who visited the Wenlock games in 1890?
A
Baron Pierre De Coubertin
8
Q
What did the Wedlock games inspire?
A
The modern olympics
9
Q
Which performer has won medals at the Wedlock Games and the Olympic games?
A
Alison Williams
10
Q
What was created as a result of the industrial revolution?
A
The middle class
11
Q
What are the middle class?
A
People who had earned their money rather than inherited it.
12
Q
What jobs did the middle class have?
A
Factory owners
Bank managers
Doctors
“professionals’
13
Q
What role did the middle class play is society?
A
They gave hope to the working class.
They were money orientated.
Showing off money.
14
Q
How did the middle class rationalise recreation and sport?
A
They controlled the masses who were working for them.
They adopted lawn tennis as their own.
Started scouts, boys brigade and YMCA to help control boys and young men.
15
Q
What did the middle class copy from the upper class?
A
Sending their kids to public schools.
Their passion for sport by becoming administrators in the newly formed NGB’s.
16
Q
What was the impact of trains on sport?
A
Teams and spectators could travel to matches.
17
Q
What was the impact of steam ships on sport?
A
International travel at regulated time.
18
Q
Give an example of a church team
A
St Marks FC (Manchester City) Iheanacho for life
19
Q
Where were the clergymen educated?
A
Public schools
20
Q
What was the clergymens concept of sport?
A
Muscular christianity. Athleticism. 'Manliness'. Disciplin. Leadership.
21
Q
What class were the clergymen?
A
Middle class
22
Q
What were the concerns of the middle classes regarding the working classes?
A
Violence.
Controlling.
Morals.
Betting.
23
Q
What did the church have which was limited in the inner city?
A
Space and land.
24
Q
Where were the council officers of the local authorities educated?
A
Public schools.
25
What was the council officers concept of sport?
Leadership
| Team building
26
What class were the council officers?
Middle class
27
What provision did the local authorities provide?
Recreation grounds
| Public parks
28
What id the definition of rationalised recreation?
Sport is an institutionalised, competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
29
Give six characteristics of sport
```
Highly structured.
Highly organised.
Has officials.
Competitive.
High level of skill.
Extrinsic rewards.
```
30
What were the two classes of pre-industrial society?
Aristocracy - land owners
| Peasants - Working on the land
31
Give six characteristics of Pre industrial society
```
Two class society.
High illiteracy rate.
Harsh/violent lifestyle.
Long working hours.
Uncivilised - no police.
Agricultural.
```
32
What were the characteristics of popular recreation?(mob football)
```
Simple.
Occasional.
Male only.
Violent.
Local.
Physical force, no skill.
```
33
Give four examples of upper class sports.
Hunting.
Shooting.
Fishing.
Real tennis.
34
Give an example of lower class 'popular recreation'
Mob football.
35
What were the characteristics of upper class sport?(real tennis)
```
Gambling.
Complex rules.
No violence.
Skilful.
Played on a regular basis.
For entertainment.
```
36
An example of a public school in 19th century Britain
Winchester collage.
37
Who went to public schools?
Upper class and middle class boys.
Sons of the aristocracy.
Age 13-18.
38
What did boys that went to public schools go on to do?
University.
Further leaders of society.
Men with influence.
39
What did public schools adopt the idea of sport to be?
```
Muscular christianity.
Athleticism.
'Manliness'.
Disciplin.
Leadership.
```
40
What problem was found at universities and public schools with sport?
Needed one set of rules
41
Why were national governing bodies formed?
More clubs being formed.
More leagues needed.
Rules and codification needed.
Keep control by the upper and middle class.
42
What type of background were the men from which created the FA?
Ebenezer Morley was the only one not from a public school.
43
What rules were adapted to create the original football rules?
Cambridge undergraduates.
44
What was a big problem with the codification of the football rules?
Disagreement on rules.
45
How many clubs were in the original FA?
11 or 12
46
When was the first football match played governed by FA rules?
1863 - Richmond vs Barnes
47
What was a rule that was introduced in the first years of codification?
Hacking was banned.
48
Why did very long days have a negative impact on sport?
Not enough energy or time to play sport.
49
Why did Less "holidays" have a negative impact on sport?
People didn't have time off at the same time.
50
Why did back to back houses have a negative impact on sport?
Not enough space to play in a town environment.
51
Why did the "Enclosures act" have a negative impact on sport?
Fields and open spaces were taken so there was no room to play.
52
Why did the police force forming have a negative impact on sport?
Bare knuckle boxing was banned.
53
Why did the RSPCA forming have a negative impact on sport?
Animal cruelty act was brought in so animal based sports were banned.
54
Why did poor health and living conditions have a negative impact on sport?
People were too ill to play sport.
55
Why did mass manufacturing have a positive impact on sport?
Lawn tennis - created the lawn mower
| Rubber - to make the balls
56
Why did improved transport have a positive impact on sport?
Bicycle was invented - creation of new sport.
| Getting to games.
57
Why did increased literacy have a positive impact on sport?
Written rules - keep scores - publicity on poster or in papers.
58
Why did riverside locations of towns have a positive impact on sport?
Rowing was invented.
59
Why did mass and cheap printing have a positive impact on sport?
Scores could be printed and sport was advertised.
60
Name two positive effects of industrialisation and urbanisation.
Increased level of literacy due to reading in factories.
| Cheap printing lead to rules being printed and match reports being done.
61
When was lawn tennis commercially patented?
1874
62
Who was lawn tennis for?
Middle class, both sex's
63
When was lawn tennis played?
Social occasions
64
How did people know the rules of lawn tennis?
They came in the kit along with the equipment.
65
Why were women allowed to play lawn tennis?
Not too vigorous.
Could play in a dress.
Hidden from view.
Seen as a pass time.
66
What was the first lawn tennis club?
Leamington Spa.
67
When was the first lawn tennis club made?
1872
68
What lawns were converted to tennis courts?
Croquet lawns
69
When was the first all England gentleman's Singles championship held?
1877
70
When was the first Womens championship held?
1884
71
When was the first international lawn tennis cup held? (Davis Cup)
1900
72
Where was the first tennis championship held?
Worple road, Wimbledon
73
What class of people played competitive tennis?
Middle class
74
Why was there a major boost in popularity in tennis?
Women could play competitively.
75
Which club controlled tennis?
All English croquet and tennis club
76
When did modern athletics start in Britain?
1860
77
What was the first athletics club?
Mincing lane athletics club
78
What class were the people who set up the original athletics associations?
Middle class
79
Why did the original athletics associations not compete to earn money?
They were already wealthy.
80
What were the concerns of the athletics associations with regard to professionalism?
Afraid cheating could come in.
| Gambling on the outcome.
81
How did officers in the army spread sport in the British Empire.
They encouraged their soldiers to play sport - good for moral and discipline.
82
How did the clergy spread sport in the British Empire.
Set up teams
83
How did diplomats spread sport in the British Empire.
Too sport to the countries where they were stationed.
84
How did teachers spread sport in the British Empire.
taught sporting values and set up teams in school.
85
What was the original definition of amateurism ?
Gentlemen of the middle class and upperclass who played sport in the spirit of fair competition.
86
What was the final definition of amateurism?
Amateur received no payment for performing, played for the love of sport.
87
What were the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?
Upper and middle class.
Played by codes of fair play.
Gracious in defeat.
Played for pleasure not payment.
88
What were the characteristics of a professional?
Broken time payment.
Paid to provide entertainment.
Working class.
Treated as expendable and were looked down upon.
89
What is the definition of a shamateur?
An amateur receiving financial payments for competing (under table payments)
90
What problems were there with shamateurism?
If discovered they could be banned from competitions.
| Conflict between other performers not receiving rewards.
91
What were the positive effects of professionalism on sport?
Performance will rise due to needing to win.
Better to watch.
Positive role models are created.
92
What were the positive effects of amateurism on sport?
Ethics still seen in sport eg. Sportsmanship, FairPlay.
| Code viewed positively and promoted e.g.. FairPlay award.
93
When was professional football legalised?
1895
94
When was the maximum wage limit lifted?
1961
95
When was the Bosman ruling brought in?
1995
96
What is the Bosman ruling?
Players could move to other clubs at the ned of their contract without a transfer fee.
97
In 1901 what was the maximum a football player could earn?
£4 a week
98
What year did the professional tennis circuit start?
1920
99
What were the four opens in the first professional tennis open?
Australian, French, USA, Wimbledon
100
What was big about prize money in tennis in 2007?
Equality of prize money for men and women.
101
Give some advantages of the effects of commercialisation on sport
```
More money from TV rights.
Better equipment.
Better facilities.
Better management.
The athlete can train for longer.
```
102
Give some disadvantages of the effects of commercialisation on sport
Increased pressure on performers to win.
Less coverage of woman sport.
The sponsor could pull out.
103
What is the definition of commercialisation?
The treating of sport as a commodity, involving the buying and selling of assets. With he market as the driving force behind sport.
104
What are the three parts of the golden triangle?
Sport, Media and business
105
What does Media use sport for?
To gain more viewers/readers
106
What does business use media for?
Advertising
107
What does media use business for?
Money. They have to pay for advertising space/time
108
What does business use sport for?
Advertising and franchising to sell more goods.
109
What does sport use media for?
Sport needs to appear in the media to get sponsorship from businesses
110
What does sport use business for?
Money to fuel the sporting industry
111
Name a commercialised sport
Football
112
Name a non-commercialised sport
Hockey
113
Give some characteristics of commercial sport
Visually appealing.
High level of skill.
Simple rules.
114
Give the four ways in which sport can get money.
Advertising.
Merchandising.
Sponsorship.
Media contracts.
115
Define society
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
116
Define socialisation
A life long process in which members of society learns its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
117
Define primary socialisation
Socialisation during early years of childhood. This takes place mainly within the family.
118
Define secondary socialisation
Socialisation of teenagers and adults. The family becomes less involved as the process continues through schools, peer groups, media...
119
Define social processes
The way in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and patterns and patterns of behaviour which are modified through social interactions.
120
Define social control
A concept that refers to the ways in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
121
Define social change
An alteration in the social order of society.
